| Acanthaceae |
Acanthus ilicifolius |
Common in tidal forests along the East and West coasts; also distributed in Meghalaya and the Andamans. |
Krishna Saraiyaka. (Blue-flowered Katasaraiyaa.) |
Kollimulli. |
Hargozaa. |
| Acanthaceae |
Adhatoda vasica Nees |
Throughout India |
Vaasaa, Vaasaka, Vaasikaa, Simhaasya, Simhaparni, Simhavadanaa, Vaajidanta, Vrisha, Aataruushaka. |
Arusaa. |
Aadaathodai |
Vasaakaa. |
| Acanthaceae |
Andrographis echioides |
Warmer parts of India |
Kopuramtanki |
Ranchimani (Maharashtra). |
| Acanthaceae |
Andrographis panicultata |
Throughout India, from Himachal Pradesh to Assam and Mizoram, and all over southern India. |
Kaalmegha, Bhuunimba, Bhuuminimbaka, Vishwambharaa, Yavtikta, Kalpanaatha, Kiraata-tikta (var.). |
Kiryaat |
Nilavembu |
| Acanthaceae |
Asteracantha longifolia |
Common in moist places, paddy fields, throughout India and Sri Lanka. |
Kokilaaksha, Kokilaak- shi, Ikshura, Ikshuraka, Kaakekshu, Kshurak, Bhikshu. |
Taalmakhaanaa. (Wrongly equated with Euryale ferox Salisb. (Fox Nut) in National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Part I, first edn., |
Neermulli, Nerugobbi |
| Acanthaceae |
Barleria buxifolia |
Peninsular India from Maharashtra southwards up to an altitude of , m. An ornamental hedge plant in gardens. |
Sahachara (purple, blue, rose or white-flowered var.) |
Jhinti. |
| Acanthaceae |
Barleria cristata |
Subtropical Himalaya, Sikkim, Khasi Hills, Central and Southern India |
| Acanthaceae |
Barleria prionitis |
Throughout the hotter parts of India. Also, commonly grown as a hedge plant in gardens. |
Common Yellow Nail Dye Plant. |
Sahachara, Baana, Kurantaka, Kuranta, Koranda, Korandaka, Shairiya, Pita-saireyaka |
Piyaabaansaa. |
Chemmulli |
Piyaabaasaa, Jhinti, Kat- saraiyaa. |
| Acanthaceae |
Barleria strigosa |
The Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal, up to an altitude of , m. |
Sahachara (blue- flowered var.). |
Nili. |
Koilekhaa |
| Acanthaceae |
Blepharis edulis |
Punjab and western Rajasthan. |
Acanthus. |
Utangana, Kaamavridhi, Chatushpatri, Ucchataa (equated with Scirpus or Cyperus sp. during the classical period; with Shveta Gunjaa, Abrus sp. during the medieval period.) |
Utangan. |
Karadu (Maharashtra). |
| Acanthaceae |
Blepharis linariaefolia |
Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. |
Ushtrakaandi, Utangan |
Utangana (Sindh). Asad |
Utangana (Sindh). Asad |
| Acanthaceae |
Ecbolium linneanum |
Northeastern Peninsular India. |
Blue Fox Tail Nail Dye. |
Nilambari. |
| Acanthaceae |
Elytraria crenata |
The Deccan Peninsula, extending northwards to eastern Himalayas. |
Patharchattaa, Dasmori. |
| Acanthaceae |
Graptophyllum picum |
A native to Polynesia; introduced into Indian gardens. |
Caricature Plant. |
Kaalaa-aduusaa (Maha- rashtra). Ysjudemaram (Tamil Nadu). |
| Acanthaceae |
Haplanthus verticillatus |
Hills of Deccan Peninsula and parts of western and central India. |
Kaalaa-Kirayaat (Maharash- tra). |
| Acanthaceae |
Hygrophila auriculata |
Throughout India along the banks of fresh or stagnant water ditches and swampy grounds, mixed with marshy grasses and sedges. |
Kokilaaksha, Kokilaak- shi, Ikshuraka, Ikshura, Kshuraka, Bikshu, Kaakekshu. |
Taalmakhaanaa |
Neermulli. |
| Acanthaceae |
Justica tranquebariensis |
Deccan, Mysore south- wards. |
Sivanarvembu (Tamil Nadu). |
| Acanthaceae |
Justicia betonica |
Throughout greater parts of India, in waste lands, hedges and rocky ravines. |
Velimungil. |
Had-paata (Bihar), Prameha- harati, Mokandar. (Madhya Pradesh). |
| Acanthaceae |
Justicia gendarussa |
Throughout the greater part of India and Andaman Islands. |
Krishna Vaasaa (blue var.), Nila-nirgundi, Krishna- nirgundi, Nila-manjari. |
Karunochhi, Vadaikkuthi. |
| Acanthaceae |
Justicia procumbens |
Western Ghats, West Coast from Konkan to Kerala; abundant in the rainy season. |
Parpata (substitute). |
| Acanthaceae |
Lepidagathis trinervis |
North-west Himalayas and Sikkim and from Biharto central, western and southern India. |
Safed Raasnaa (Bihar). Hiran-chaaro, Paniru (Gujarat) |
| Acanthaceae |
Neuracanthus sphaerostachyus |
Western Ghats, Deccan and Gujarat. |
Ganther(Gujarat and Maharashtra), Ghosa-vel (Maharashtra) |
| Acanthaceae |
Nilgirianthus ciliatus |
Western Ghats from South Kanara to Travancore, in evergreen forests |
Sahachara (pale-roseflowered var. used in Kerala). (Sahachara is equated with Barleria prionitis in other regions.) |
Kurinji, Sinnangurin |
| Acanthaceae |
Perilepta auriculata |
Upper Gangetic Plain, Madhya Pradesh. |
Kurinji. |
Pandadi (Gujarat) |
| Acanthaceae |
Peristrophe bicalyculata |
Distributed throughout India |
Nadikaantaa, Praachibalaa, Sulomshaa, Kaakatikta, Kaakajanghaa. (Aatarilaal is a wrong synonym. It is equated with Anthriscus cerefolium Hoffm., used in Unani medicine.) |
Chebisa |
Masi |
| Acanthaceae |
Phlogacanthus thyrsiflorus |
The sub-tropical Himalayas, Upper Gangetic Plain, Bihar, North Bengal and Assam |
Dieng-soh kajut (Meghalaya), Chuhai (Bihar), Titaaphul (Assam). |
| Acanthaceae |
Rhinacanthus nasutus |
Throughout the greater part of India |
Snake Jasmine |
Yuuthiparni, Yuuthikaparni. Paalaka-Juuhi. |
Gul-baglaa |
Nagamalli |
| Acanthaceae |
Ruellia strepens |
Native to Central America; introduced into Indian garden as ornament |
) Kiranti-takkaaram (Tamil Nadu) |
| Acanthaceae |
Ruellia suffruticosa |
Native to central America; introduced into Indian gardens as ornament. |
Chaarapaatu, Chaaraparaad (Bihar). |
| Acanthaceae |
Ruellia tuberosa |
Native to central America; grown in Indian gardens. |
Meadow-weed. |
Tapas-kaaya. |
| Acanthaceae |
Rungia pectinata |
Throughout India, in waste places and hedges |
Parpata (as adulterant). |
Punakapundu. |
| Acanthaceae |
Rungia repens |
Throughout India as a weed in moist places |
Parpata |
Kharmor |
| Acanthaceae |
Strobilanthes callosus |
Maruaa-daanaa, Kaarvi (Maharashtra) |
| Acanthaceae |
Strobilanthes flaccidifolius |
Assam, Meghalaya, West Bengal and Manipur |
Assam Indigo |
Ruum, Raampat (Assam); Khumaa (Manipur) |
| Adiantaceae |
Actiniopteris dichotoma |
Throughout India, especially common in Kumaon Hills and the Nilgiris, below an altitude of , m. |
Peacock’s tail |
Mayurshikhaa, Madhuchhadaa, Sahastrahi, Vahri |
| Adiantaceae |
Adiantum aethiopicum |
North Kanara and the Nilgiri and Palni hills at higher elevations |
Hansapadi (related sp.). |
| Adiantaceae |
Adiantum capillus-veneris |
All along the Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim |
American Maidenhair Fern, Venus Hair, Rock Fern. |
Hansaraaja, Hansapadi |
Parsiaavashaan |
Seruppadai |
Mubaaraka. |
| Adiantaceae |
Adiantum incisum |
The plains and the lower slopes of the hills in Punjab, Rajasthan, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra |
Nilakantha-shikhaa, Mayurshikhaa, Vahrishikhaa |
| Adiantaceae |
Adiantum lunulatum |
Throughout the greater part of India, up to an altitude of , m |
Walking Maidenhair Fern. Black Maidenhair (A. venustum G. Don is also known as Hansaraaja.) |
Hansapadi, Hansapaadi, Raktapaadi, Kitamaataa, Tripaadikaa, Hansaraaja; a substitute for Taamrachuda-paadikaa. |
Seruppadai |
Raajhans, Mubaaraka |
| Adiantaceae |
Hemionites arifolia |
Plains and mountains of South India up to , ., and in West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. |
Mule Fern |
Raamabaanam (Andhra Pradesh), Chakuliya (Bengal) |
| Agaricaceae |
Agaricus albus |
Punjab, Asia Minor |
Purging Agaric |
Gharaiqoon; also equated with Fomes officinalis(Vill. ex Fr.) Lloyd |
| Agaricaceae |
Agaricus campestris |
The fungi is distributed in many parts of India, particularly on the hills and plains of northern and eastern India. Grows during the rainy weather on dead organic matter, e.g. rotting leaves and manure |
Field mushroom, Edible mushroom |
Chhatraka, Bhuumichhatra |
Kammat |
Venkodiveli |
Khumbi |
| Agaricaceae |
Agaricus ostreatus |
Artocarpus interifolia, indigenous to the western Ghats |
Oyster Mushroom (grows on Artocarpus integrifolia) |
| Agaricaceae |
Amanita muscaria |
Fly Agaric (mushroom), Aga, Soma. |
Identified as Soma of Rigveda (controversial). (Sushruta described varieties of Soma and other drugs as its substitutes.) Intensely poisonous; used for intoxication. The fungus has been used in Russia for preparing an intoxicating drink. Toxic principles arecholine, muscarine and mycetoatropine (muscaridine). Muscarine stimulates postganglionic, cholinergic and neuroeffector junctions. The isoxazole constituents are psychoactive. – Fly Agaric (more than g fresh) are toxic; (more than g fresh) are lethal. (Francis Brinker.) A. pantherina is used in Japan for intoxication. Aga is not a true hallucinogen. The illusions are a misinterpretation of sensory stimuli due to isoxazole, ibotenic acid, muscimol, muscazone and traces of muscarine. (Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, .) |
| Agavaceae |
Agave americana |
Native to America; grown in gardens for ornamentation |
Century Plant, American Aloe |
Kaantala |
Alagai |
Ban-Kevara |
| Aizoaceae |
Gisekia pharnaceoides |
Drier parts of Northern and Western India and Deccan Peninsula |
Elavaaluka (var.). (Prunus cerasus Linn., Rosaceae, is the accepted source of Elavaaluka.) |
Baalu-ka-saag, Morang, Sareli. |
| Aizoaceae |
Mollugo cerviana |
Upper Gangetic Plains, Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka |
Parpata (substitute). Grishma-Sundara. |
Parpaatakam |
Jeem Shaak |
| Aizoaceae |
Mollugo spergula |
Greater part of India, especially in Assam, Bengal and Deccan Peninsula |
Grishma-sundara, Parpata (Kerala) |
Thurapoondu |
Jala-papr(Bihar), Jeem Shaak |
| Aizoaceae |
Trianthema decandra |
South India, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Haryana. |
Varshaabhu (related species). |
Vellai Sharunnai. |
Bisakhaparaa. |
| Aizoaceae |
Trianthema govindia |
The plains from Punjab to Bihar, extending southwards to Karnataka. |
Varshaabhu (related species). |
| Aizoaceae |
Trianthema portulacastrum |
Cultivated elds and wastelands. |
Horse Purslane. |
Varshaabhu, Vrshchira, Vishakharparikaa, Shilaatikaa, Shothaghni, Kshdra. Wrongly equated with Shveta-punarnavaa or Rakta-punarnavaa. Varshaabhu and Punarnavaa are two dierent herbs. T. portulacastrum is a rainy season annual. Rakta-punarnavaa is equated with Boerhavia diusa, Shveta-punarnavaa with white- owered species, B. erecta L. ( B. punarnava ). |
| Alangiaceae |
Alangium begoniaefolium |
The plains and foothills, up to an altitude of , m. |
Ankola |
Akhani. |
| Alangiaceae |
Alangium lamarckii |
The drier parts of India, in plains and foothills of southern India. |
Ankola, Ankota, Taamraphala, Guptasneha, Dirgha- keelaka. |
Azinjil. |
| Alismataceae |
Sagittaria trifolia |
Throughout the plains of India. |
Old world Arrowhead. |
Chhotaa Kuuta, Muyaa (Bengali). |
| Altingiaceae |
Altingia excelsa |
Assam and Arunachal Pradesh. |
Storax, Oriental Sweet Gum. |
Shilaarasa, Turushka, Silhaka (substitute for Liquidamber orientalis, Hamamelidaceae). |
Neriyurishippal. |
| Altingiaceae |
Liquidambar formosana |
Native to China; now reported to have been introduced into Lalbagh gardens, Bangalore. |
Fragrant Maple. |
Silhak |
Silaaras |
| Altingiaceae |
Liquidambar orientalis |
Native to Asia Minor |
Storax, Oriental Sweet Gum. |
Turushka, Silhaka, Kapitaila. |
Ambar Saayil, Silaaras |
Neri-arishippal. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Achyranthes aspera |
Throughout the tropical and subtropical regions, up to an altitude of , m, in the southern Andaman Islands. |
Prickly Chaff Flower |
Apaamaarga, Chirchitaa, Shikhari, Shaikharika, Adahshalya, Mayura, Mayuraka, Kharamanjari, Kharapushpaa, Pratyakpushpaa, Aaghaat, Vashira, Kanihi. |
Chirchitaa. |
Naayuruvi. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Achyranthes bidentata |
The temperate and sub- tropical Himalayas from Kishtwar to Sikkim |
Shveta Apaamaarga. (Rakta Apaamaarga is equated with Achyranthes rubra-fusca Hook. f. and A. verschaffeltii Lam., synonym Iresine herbstii Hook. f.) |
Naayurivi. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Aerva javanica |
Punjab, Central and Peninsular India. |
Javanese Wool Plant |
Perumpoolai. |
Dholphuli, Khul. Paashaanab- heda (southern India). |
| Amaranthaceae |
Aerva lanata |
The warmer parts of India, |
Paashaanabheda. Gorakshaganjaa, Aadaanpaaki, Shatkabhedi. |
Sirupeelai |
Paashaanabheda (southern India), Gorakhagaanjaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Alternanthera sessilis |
Throughout the hotter parts of India, especially around tanks and ponds. |
Matsyaakshi, Matsyaak- shika (a multimeaning name, |
Machhechhi |
Ponnonkanni keerai. |
Gudari Saag. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Amaranthus blitum |
Throughout India |
Trailing Amaranth, Wild Blite. |
Maarisha |
Aarumathathandu, Kiraitandu. |
Marasaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Amaranthus caudatus |
also indicating Braahmi, Ain- dri), Matsyagandhaa, Matsyaa- dini, Minaakshi, Bahli, Gandali, Gartkalambukaa, Vaahlikaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Amaranthus spinosus |
Cultivated fields, waste places and along roadsides. |
Spiny Amaranth, Thorny Amaranth, Spiny Pigweed. |
Tanduliya, Tandulaka, Meghnaad, Megharava, Vishaghn, Alpamaarish. |
Mullukkeerai. |
Katili-chaulai. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Amaranthus tricolor |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Chinese Spinach, Garden Amaranth, Fountain Plant. |
Maarisha-rakta |
Arai-keerai, Siru- keerai, Thandu-keerai, Mulakkerai |
Laal Shaak, Laal Marashaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Celosia argentea |
A common weed, occurring throughout India. |
Wild Cock’s Comb. |
Shitivaaraka, Vitunna. |
Pannaikeerai. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Celosia cristata |
Indian gardens, as ornamental. |
Cock’s Comb. |
Jataadhaari |
Laal Murgaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Digera muricata |
Throughout the plains of India, as a weed in cultivated fields. |
Katthinjara, Kunanjara. |
Thoyya-keerai. |
Lat-mahuriaa, Lahsuvaa. |
| Amaranthaceae |
Nothosaerva brachiata |
Distributed in tropical Africa and Asia; found throughout the plains of India. |
Dhaulaa-ndauri (Rajasthan). |
| Amaranthaceae |
oleraceus |
Throughout India. |
Trailing Amaranth, Wild Blite. |
Maarisha. |
Aarumathathandu, Kiraitandu. |
Marasaa. |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Crinum asiaticum |
Wild as well as cultivated as an ornamental. |
St. Johns Lily, Poison Bulb. |
Naagadamani, Naa- gapatra, Sudarshana (var.). C. dexum Ker.-Gawl, is equated with Sukhadarshana. |
Vishamoongil. |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Crinum latifolium |
Wild as well as cultivated as an ornamental. |
Wide-leaved Crinum. |
Sudarshana, Sukhadar- shana, Chakraangi, Somvalli, Madhuparnikaa. |
Vishamoongil. |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Curculigo orchioides |
Sub-tropical Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards; Western Ghats from Konkan Southwards. |
Taalmuuli, Taalpatri, Krishna Mushali, Bhuumitaala. |
Musli Siyaah. |
Nilappanan kizhangu. |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Narcissus tazetta |
All over Europe. Grown in Indian gardens. |
Narcissus, Daodil, Lent Lily. |
Nargis. |
| Amaryllidaceae |
Polianthes tuberosa |
Native to Mexico; cultivated for ornamental use. |
Tuberose. |
Rajanigandhaa. |
Nilasampangi. |
Gulcheri, Gulshabbu. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Anacardium occidentale |
Native to tropical America, from Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Cultivated largely in Malabar, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, and to some extent in Maharashtra, Goa, Orissa and West Bengal. |
Cashew Nut. |
Kaaju. |
Mindiri. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Buchanania axillaris |
Dry deciduous forests in peninsular India. |
Buchanans Mango, Cuddapah Almond. |
Priyaal (var.). |
Habb-us-Simanaa. |
Mudaima, Saaraap- paruppu. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Buchanania lanzan |
Drier parts of India. |
Almondette tree, Cheron- jee, Buchanans Mango. |
Priyaala, Piyaala, Kharskandha, Bahulvalkala, Taa- paseshtha, Sannakadru Dhanush- pat, Chaar. Unani/Tamil Saaraapparuppu. Siddha Mudaima, Morala (Tamil). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Lannea coromandelica |
Throughout India, ascending to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Jingini, Jhingan, Gudamanjari. |
Kalasan, Anaikkarai, Odiyan. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Mangifera indica |
Uttar Pradesh., Punjab, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu. |
Mango. |
Aamra, Amb, Rasaal, Sa- hakaar, Pikavallabha, Madhudoot, Atisaurabha, Maakanda. |
Aam, Ambaj. |
Manga, Mau, Mamaram (bark), Mangottai Paruppu (seed). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Pistacia integerrima |
The Himalayas from Indus to Kumaon. |
Karkatashringi, Shringi, Karkatashringikaa, Karkata, Karkataakhya, Kuli- rashringaaya, Kuliravishaanikaa, Vakraa, Vishaani. Ajashringi (also equated with Gymnema sylvestre ). |
Kaakraasingi, Kakar. |
Karkatagasingi. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Pistacia lentiscus |
Mediterranean countries. The resin is imported into India. |
Mastic tree. |
Mastagi, Roomi Mastagi, Mastaki. |
Ponnuikan kungi- liyam. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Pistacia vera |
Native to eastern Mediter- ranean region, Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asian countries; cultivated in North India. |
Pistachio, Green Almond. |
Mukuulaka. |
Pistaa (Kernel), Ilk-ul- Ambaat (resin). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Rhus chinensis |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at , ,m. |
Tatri, Arkhar (Punjab). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Rhus coriaria |
Mediterranean region |
European or Sicilian Sumach (used in Unani medicine) |
Sumaaq, Taatraak |
| Anacardiaceae |
Rhus parviflora |
Dry hot slopes of the Himalayas from Punjab to Nepal and in the hills of Madhya Pradesh and South India. |
Sumach. |
Tintidi, Tintindeeka. |
Sumaaq. |
Raitung, Tung (Kumaon). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Rhus succedanea |
The temperate Himalayas, from Kashmir, Sikkim to Bhutan at altitudes of ,m. |
Japanese Wax tree, Wild Varnish tree. |
Karkatashringee. (Used as a substitute for Pistacia integerrima galls.). |
Kaakraasingi. |
Karkatakasringi, Kadukapoo (galls). |
| Anacardiaceae |
Semecarpus anacardium |
Punjab, Assam, Khasi Hills, Madhya Pradesh and Peninsular India. |
Marking-Nut. |
Bhallaataka, Bhallata, Arushkara, Agnik, Agnimukha, Sophkrit, Viravrksha. |
Balaadur, Bhilaayan, Bhilaavaan. |
Shenkottei, Erimugi. (Kattu shen-kottai is equated with S. travancorica Bedd., found in evergreen forests of Tinnevelly and Travancore.) |
Bhilaavaa. |
| Anacardiaceae |
Spondias pinnata |
A small, aromatic tree occurring wild or grown throughout the country for edible fruits. |
Hog-Plum, Wild Mango. Great Hog-Plum is equated with S. cytherea Sonn, synonym S. dulcis Soland. ex Forst. f. |
Aamraataka, Aamraata, Aamadaa, Madhuparni, Kundalini, Kapitana, Markataamra. |
Mambulichi, Kat- tuma. |
Jangali Aam. |
| Annonaceae |
Annona reticulata |
Native to the West Indies. Cultivated in Bengal, Assam, Khasi Hills and southern India. |
Bullocks Heart, Common Custard Apple. |
Raamphala. |
Aninuna. |
Luvuni. |
| Annonaceae |
Annona squamosa |
A native to South America and the West Indies; now cultivated throughout India. |
Custard Apple, Sugar Apple, Sweet-sop. |
Gandagaatra, Sitaa phala (also equated with Curcurbita maxima). |
Sharifaa. |
Sitaaphalam, Atta. |
| Annonaceae |
Artabotrys hexapetalus |
Southern India, largely grown in gardens. |
Panasagandhi, (Harit) Champaka. |
Manoranjidam. |
Haraa champaa (north), Kathari champaa; Hirvaa champaa (Maharashtra). |
| Annonaceae |
Miliusa velutina |
Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalayas, in North-east and Central India, eastern coast of Deccan Peninsula. |
Rshiyaproktaa. |
Gandha-Palaasa (Orissa), Kaari (gum). |
| Annonaceae |
Polyalthia longifolia |
Native to Sri Lanka; grown in gardens throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Mast tree, Fake Asoka tree, False Devadaru, Cemetry tree |
Devadaari (Devadaaru is equated with Cedrus deodara ). (An adulterant to the bark of Saraca asoca. ) |
Nettilingam. |
| Annonaceae |
Unona desmos |
Assam. |
| Annonaceae |
Uvaria narum |
Western ghats from Maharashtra southwards up to an altitude of ,m. |
| Annonaceae |
Xylopia parviflora |
Evergreen forests of Kerala up to an altitude of m. |
| Apiaceae |
Oenanthe javanica |
Marshy places and river banks in North India from Kashmir to Assam. |
Jateraa (Meghalaya); Pan- turasi (Bengal). |
| Apocynaceae |
Aganosma dichotoma |
Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu; often cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Madhumaalati. |
| Apocynaceae |
Allemanda cathartica |
Native to Central America and Brazil. Grown in Indian gardens. |
Golden Trumpet. |
Zahari Sontakkaa. (Maha- rashtra). |
| Apocynaceae |
Alstonia scholaris |
Throughout moist regions of India, especially in West Bengal and west-coast forests of southern India. |
Devil’s tree, Dita Bark tree. |
Saptaparna, Sapta- chhada, Saptaparni, Saptaahvaa, Vishaaltvak, Shaarada, Visham- chhada. |
Chhaatim, Kaasim (Kaasim Roomi, Anjudaan Roomi is equated with Myrrhis odorata Scope.) |
Ezhilamippalai, Mukkampalai. |
Chhitavan, Sataunaa. |
| Apocynaceae |
Alstonia venenata |
Peninsular India. |
Pazh-munipala (Tamil), Addasarpa (Kannada), Palamunpala (Malyalam). |
| Apocynaceae |
Carissa carandas |
Throughout India. |
Christ’s Thorn, Bengal Currant. |
Karinkaara, Karamarda, Krishnapaakphal, Kshirphena, Sushena, (Karamardakaa is equated with C. spinarum Linn.) |
Karondaa. |
Kalakke |
| Apocynaceae |
Carissa opaca |
Throughout the country in dry regions, especially in Punjab and Kashmir. |
Karamardikaa. |
Chirukila Chiru |
Jangali Karondaa. Garnaa (Punjab). |
| Apocynaceae |
Catharanthus roseus |
Commonly grown in Indian gardens. |
Madagascar Periwinkle (Vinca major L. Pich. and Vinca minor Linn. are known as Greater Periwinkle and Lesser Periwinkle respectively). |
Sadaabahaar, Nayantaaraa, Nityakalyaani. |
| Apocynaceae |
Chonemorpha macrophylla |
Dense moist forests throughout India |
Wood Vine. |
Used in the Southern states as Muurvaa. |
| Apocynaceae |
congesta |
Throughout India. |
Christ’s Thorn, Bengal Currant. |
Karinkaara, Karamarda, Krishnapaakphal, Kshirphena, Sushena, (Karamardakaa is equated with C. spinarum Linn.) |
Karondaa. |
Kalakke. |
| Apocynaceae |
Ervataemia coronaria |
Throughout the sub- Himalayan tract from Garhwal eastwards to Assam and Bengal, extending southwards to North Circars. |
East Indian Rosebay |
Nandivrksha, Tagar. |
Nandiyaavattam |
| Apocynaceae |
Holarrhena antidysenterica |
The tropical Himalayas, going up to an altitude. Also found throughout many forests of India, in Travancore, Assam and Uttar Pradesh. |
Easter tree, Ivory tree, Tellicherry Bark. |
Kutaja, Girimallikaa, Kaalinga, Kalingaka, Indravrik- sha, Shakra, Vatsa, Vatsaka, Shakraahvya. Indrayava, Indrabija, Vatsabija (seed). Kurchi (bark). |
Inderjo talkh, Teewaaj-e- Khataai. |
Kudasappaalai-pattai, -vidai (bark, seed). |
| Apocynaceae |
Ichnocarpus frutescens |
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Assam and the Sunderbans. |
Black Creeper |
Gopavalli, Krishna Saarivaa (var.), Krishna-muuli, Shyaamalataa. |
Karunannari, Makalikilanzhu. |
| Apocynaceae |
Nerium indicum |
Native of Mediterranean region; grown in Indian gardens. |
Indian oleander, White oleander. |
Karavira, Viraka, Ashva- maaraka, Hayamaaraka, Gauripush- pa, Divyapushpa, Shatakumbha, Siddhapushpa (white-flowered var.). Raktapushpa, Raktaprasava, Ravipriya (red-flowered var.) |
Kaner Safed, Diflaa, Samm-ul-maar, Khar-zaharah. |
Arali, Alari, Aatrulari, Karaviram. |
| Apocynaceae |
Nerium oleander |
Native to Mediterranean region; grown in Indian gardens. |
Red Oleander, Rose Bay |
Surkh Kaner. |
| Apocynaceae |
Plumeria acuminata |
Native to Mexico; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Pagoda tree. |
| Apocynaceae |
Plumeria alba |
Native to West Indies; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
White Champa |
Kshira Champaka |
Perumal Arali, Seemai Arali. |
| Apocynaceae |
Plumeria rubra |
Native to Mexico; grown throughout India. |
Red Jasmine. |
Kshira Champaka |
| Apocynaceae |
Rauvolfia serpentina |
The sub-Himalayas tract from Punjab to Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Assam, Western Ghats and the Andamans. |
Rauvolfia root, Serpentina Root, Indian Snakeroot. |
Sarpagandhaa of Ayurvedic texts was not the Sarpagandhaa of modern medicine. (Sarpagandhaa was equated with Naakuli, Sarpach- hatrikaa and Varshaasu Chha- trikaaraa. Sarpagandhaa and Sarpasugandhaa were synonyms of Naakuli.) |
Chhotaa Chaand. |
| Apocynaceae |
Rauvolfia tetraphylla |
Abundant in moist and warm regions of West Bengal, particularly in Parganas and Howrah, and Kerala (as a weed). |
Badaa Chaand. |
| Apocynaceae |
Strophanthus kombe |
Native to tropical East Africa; runs wild at some places in West Bengal. |
Strophanthus |
| Apocynaceae |
Tabernaemontana coronaria |
Sub-Himalayan tract.
Cultivated in gardens. |
East Indian Rosebay |
Tagar, Nandivriksha (The Wealth of India); Nandi Pushpa. (Tagar is equated with Valeriana hardwickii and Nandivrksha with Cedrela toona.) |
Nandiyavattam |
Tengari, Chaandani |
| Apocynaceae |
Tabernaemontana dichotoma |
Western Ghats at low elevations. |
Eve’s Apple, Forbidden Fruit. |
Kandalaippalai, Kattalari-palai. |
Tengari |
| Apocynaceae |
Thevetia peruviana |
Native to tropical America; cultivated as hedge plant in the plains throughout India. |
Yellow Oleander. |
Pita-Karavira, Ash- vaghna, Divyapushpa. (White and red-flowered var. is equated with Nerium oleander, the yellow- flowered var with T. peruviana.) |
Pachiyalari. |
| Apocynaceae |
Trachelospermum fragrans |
Temperate and subtrop- ical Himalaya from Kumaon to Arunachal Pradesh and in Assam, Meghalaya |
Duudhi (Kumaon), Akhaahi- lataa (Assam). |
| Apocynaceae |
Vallaris solanacea |
Throughout India; cultivated in gardens. |
Aasphotaa, Asphuka, Bhadravalli, Saarivaa-utpala |
Haapharamaali var. Dudhi-bel |
| Apocynaceae |
Vinca major |
Native to Europe. Found in the Himalayas, West Bengal and Palni Hills. |
Green Periwinkle, Greater Periwinkle. |
| Apocynaceae |
Vinca minor |
Grown in Indian gardens as an ornamental. |
Lesser Periwinkle |
| Apocynaceae |
Vinca pusilla |
West Bengal and through- out greater part of India, as a weed |
Sangkhi, Sangkhaphuli |
Milagaipoondu (Tamil Nadu), Kapavila (Kerala), Vishakane-
gale (Karnataka), Neru (Andhra Pradesh) Mirchaai (Bihar). |
| Apocynaceae |
Vinca rosea |
Native of West Indies; commonly grown in Indian gardens. |
Madagascar Periwinkle. |
Sadaapushpaa, Sadam- pushpa, Nityakalyaani, Sadaaba- haar. |
Nithiya kalyani, Sudukadu mallikai. |
| Apocynaceae |
Vocanga foetida |
Indonesia; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
| Apocynaceae |
Wrightia tinctoria |
Shveta Kutaja. (white- flowered), Punkutaja, Indrayava (seeds). |
Inderjao Shireen |
Irum-paalai, Nila- paalai. |
| Apocynaceae |
Wrightia tomentosa |
Punjab, Rajasthan, Bihar, Assam and Western Peninsula |
Kutaja (red-flowered).
Indrayava (seeds). |
Pala |
| Aquifoliaceae |
Ilex paraguariensis |
Native to South America; cultivated in some Indian gardens. In northern India, grows in Lucknow. |
Mate Tea, Yerba Mate, Paraguay Tea. |
| Aquifolilaceae |
Ilex aquifolium |
Native to Europe; grown occasionally in gardens at hill stations |
English Holly, Common Holly. |
| Araceae |
Acorus calamus |
Wild and cultivated throughout India in damp marshy places, common in Manipur and Naga Hills. |
Sweet Flag, Calamus |
Vachaa, Ugragandhaa, Ugraa, Golomi, Shadgranthaa, Shataparvaa, Tikshnagandhaa, Kshudra-patra, Maangalyaa, Ghor- bach. |
Waj-e-Turki, Waj |
Vasambu. |
| Araceae |
Acorus gramineus |
Native to Japan, occasionally met within Sikkim at an altitude, in Khasi Hills up |
Haimavati (white var. of Vachaa) |
| Araceae |
Alocasia indica |
A genus of topical Asia, Malayasia and the Pacific. Found wild and cultivated all over India. |
Giant Taro. |
Maanaka, Maana, Maankanda, Kasaalu, Hastikarni. |
| Araceae |
Amorphophallus campanulatus |
Native to tropical Asia; cultivated throughout India. |
Elephant-foot Yam. |
Suurana, Kanduula, Arshoghna, Kand-ayak, Kandala |
Zamin-qand, Zamikand |
Chenaikkizhangu.
Kaathukarunai |
| Araceae |
Colocasia esculenta |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Taro, EdibleYam |
Pindaaluka, Aaluki. |
Chaembu, Shaeppam-kizhangu |
Arvi, Ghuiyaa |
| Araceae |
cuneata |
Tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and America. |
Water Lettuce, Tropical Duckweed. |
Jalakumbhi, Vaariparni, Vaarimuuli. |
Agasatamarai |
| Araceae |
Dracontium polyphyllum |
Maharashtra and Karnata- ka; cultivated in the South. |
Kattu Karunayikki- langu. |
Jangali Suuran. |
| Araceae |
Lasia spinosa |
Tropical Sikkim Himalayas, Assam, Bengal and Southwards to Sri Lanka. |
Kantakachoramu, Mulasari (Telugu.) |
Kantakachu (Bengal), Kaantaasaru. Lakshmanaa and Indiver-kand are doubtful syno- nyms. |
| Araceae |
Pistia stratiotes |
Tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and America. |
Water Lettuce, Tropical Duckweed. |
Jalakumbhi, Vaariparni, Vaarimuuli. |
Agasatamarai. |
| Araceae |
Plesmonium margaritiferum |
Bengal, Chhota Nagpur, Ranchi, Purnea, Vishakhapatnam and Tamil Nadu. |
Vajrakanda |
Kharhar (Uttar Pradesh). |
| Araceae |
Pothos scandens |
Cultivated as an orna- mental. Found in Bihar, North Bengal, Orissa, Western Ghats and Southwards. |
Aanaparuga. |
| Araceae |
Remusatia vivipara |
Maharashtra, Karnataka |
Rukhaalu, Maanakand (Maharashtra). Lakshmanaa is a doubtful synonym |
| Araceae |
Rhaphidophora laciniata |
Deccan Peninsula, Coromandel Coast, Malabar and southwards to Sri Lanka. |
Ganesh-kand (Maharashtra); Aaanaiittippili (Tamil Nadu). |
| Araceae |
Scindapsus officinalis |
Tropical Himalayas, Bengal, southwards to Andhra Pradesh and the Andamans |
Gajakrishna, Hastipip- pali, Gajapippali (also equated with Piper chaba). |
Anaitippili. |
| Araceae |
Typhonium trilobatum |
Peninsular India, and from Yamuna eastwards; also grown in South India. |
Karu Karunai Kizhangu, Karunai Kizhangu. |
| Araceae |
Zantedeschia aethiopica |
Cooler parts of Bihar and Orissa. |
| Araliaceae |
Aralia binnatifida |
Nepal, Sikkim and Bhutan, Khasi Hills. |
Taapamaari (Maharashtra). |
| Araliaceae |
Hedera helix |
Hills of Tamil Nadu. Grown in gardens as an ornamental. |
Common Ivy, Bentwood. |
Maravalai. |
| Araliaceae |
Hedera nepalensis |
The Himalayas; from Kashmir to Bhutan at , ,m and Assam at , ,m. |
| Araliaceae |
Panax pseudoginseng |
Western Himalayas, Pithoragarh district of Uttaranchal. |
Indian Ginseng, Indian Pseudoginseng. |
In Indian medicine, Panax quinquefolium Linn. and Panax schinseng Knees have been equated with Lakshmanaa. |
| Araliaceae |
Polyscias fruticosa |
Cultivated in gardens all over India. |
| Arecaceae |
Lodoicea maldivica |
A dioecious palm, culti- vated in gardens as an ornamental. |
Double Coconut Palm, Sea Coconut Palm. |
Samudra-naarikela, Dariyaayee Naariyal. |
Naarjeel-e-Daryaayee, Naarjeel-e-Bahari. |
Kadalthengai, Aklaari. |
| Aristolochiaceae |
Aristolochia bracteolata |
Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and western peninsular India. |
Bracteated Birthwort. |
Kitamaari, Dhumrapa- traa, Naakuli. |
Kiraamaar. |
Aadutheendaappaalai, Kattusuragam. |
| Aristolochiaceae |
Aristolochia indica |
Throughout the country, mainly in the plains and lower hilly regions. |
The Indian Birthwort. |
Ishvari, Gandhnaakuli, Naagadamani, Arkamuula. |
Zaraavand-Hindi. |
Adagam. |
Isarmuula, Isrola. |
| Aristolochiaceae |
Aristolochia longa |
European Birthwort. |
Zaraawand Taweel. |
| Aristolochiaceae |
Asarum europaeum |
Indigenous to the northern parts of southern Europe, Central and East-Central Europe; cultivated in the United States. A related sp., Asarum himalaicum , synonym A. canadense , is reported from the eastern Himalayas. |
Asarbacca, Hazelwort, Wild Nard. |
Asaaroon, Subul-e-Barri, Naardeen-Barri. |
Tagar Ganthodaa. |
| Asclepiadacae |
Ceropegia bulbosa |
Punjab and South India. |
Khappar-kaddu, Bhuu-tumbi, Paataal-tumbi. Gilothi. Galot (Punjab). Gilodya. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Asclepias curassavica |
Naturalized in many parts of India as an ornamental. |
Curassavian Swallow- Wort, West Indian Ipecacuanha, Blood-Flower. |
Kaakanaasikaa (substi- tute). |
Kaakatundi (Kashmir). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Calotropis gigantea |
Throughout India. |
Madar (white-owered), Giant Milk-weed. |
Alarka, Raajaarka, Shvetaarka, Vasuka, Mandaar, Bhaasvanmuula, Dinesh, Prab- haakara, Ravi, Bhaanu, Tapana. |
Madaar, Aak. |
Erukku. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Calotropis procera |
An evergreen shrub distributed in West and Central India. |
Swallow-Wart, Milk Weed, (purple-owered), Kings Crown. |
Alarka, Surya, Su- uryaahvya, Vikirna, Vasuka, Tapana, Tuulaphala, Kshirparna, Arkaparna, Aasphota. |
Aakh, Madaar, Ashar. |
Vellerukku, Erukku. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Ceropegia juncea |
Peninsular India. |
Kanvel (Maharashtra). Bella- gada (Telugu, Andhra Pradesh). (Soma is a disputed synonym) |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Cryptolepis buchanani |
Throughout India. |
Indian Sarsaparilla (black var.). |
Krishna Saarivaa, Jambupatraa Saarivaa, Karantaa, Shyamalataa, Shyaama, Gopi, Gopavadhu, Kaalghatika. |
Maattan-kodi, Paal-Kodi, Kattupala. |
Karantaa, Anantamuula (Varanasi). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Decalepis hamiltonii |
Deccan Peninsula; common in the forest areas of Western Ghats. |
Desi Ushbaa. |
Mahali kizhangu. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Dregea volubilis |
Konkan and Maharashtra, also in Bengal and Assam. |
Suparnikaa, Madhu- maalati. Muurvaa (substitute). Nak-chhikkini. |
Kodippalai. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Gymnema hirsutum |
Southern parts of Uttar Pradesh adjoining Madhya Pradesh, also in Bihar and Western Ghats. |
Gurmaar (related species). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Gymnema sylvestre |
Central and Peninsular India. |
Australian Cow Plant, Ipecacuanha (Indian). |
Meshashringi, Meshav- ishaanikaa, Meshavalli, Chhaagal- shrngi. Ajashringi (also equated with Dolichandrone falcata and Pergularia extensa ). |
Gurmaar Buuti. |
Kannu Minnayam- kodi, Passaam, Shirukurinja. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Hemidesmus indicus |
Throughout India; common in Bengal, Maharashtra and extending to Travancore. |
Indian Sarsaparilla (white var.). Sarsaparilla root is equated with Smilax sp. in Western herbal. |
Shveta Saarivaa, Anant- muula, Gopi, Gopaa, Gopakanyaa, Gopavalli, Gopasutaa, Krishodari, Sphotaa, Utpalsaarivaa, Kapuuri, Dugdhgarbhaa. |
Ushbaa Hindi. |
Nannaari, Sugan- thipala. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Holostemma annularis |
Tropical Himalayas and Western Peninsula. Cultivated in Dharmapuri district of Tamil Nadu. |
Ark-pushpi. |
Palay-keerai. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Leptadenia reticulata |
Sub-Himalayan tracts of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh and Deccan Peninsula up to an altitude of m. |
Jivanti; Jivaniya, Jiva- pushpa, Hemavati, Jivana. Shaaka- shreshtha, Payaswini, Maangalya, Madhusravaa. (Guduuchi, Medaa, Kaakoli and Vrkshaadani are also known as Jivanti.) (Haimavati |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Marsdenia roylei |
Western and Eastern Himalayas, Simla and Kumaon, hills of Assam. |
Muurvaa (var.). |
Maruaa-bel. Khaarchu (Garhwal). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Marsdenia tenacissima |
Himalayas from Kumaon to Assam, up to ,m, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Deccan Peninsula. |
White Turpeth. |
Muurvaa, Atirasaa, Madhurasaa, Gokarni, Morataa, Madhulikaa, Suvaa, Devi, Tejani, Tiktavalli. |
Perunkurinjan. |
Maruaa-bel. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Oxystelma secamone |
Throughout the plains and lower hills of In- dia, including paddy elds and hedges rear semi-marshy places. |
Dugdhikaa, Duudhila- taa, Duudhialataa . |
Usipallai (Tamil Nadu); Dugdhani (Maharashtra); Jala- dudhi (Gujarat). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Pentatropis microphylla |
West Bengal, Gujarat and Peninsular India. |
Kaakanaasaa, Kaakanaasikaa, Kaakaangi, Kaak- tundphalaa, Shringiritti. |
Uppilankodi. |
Singarauti (Gujarat). Amarvel. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Pentatropis spiralis |
A climber found in Punjab, Delhi, Upper Gangetic Plain, Rajasthan and Gujarat. |
Kaakanaasaa (related species). |
Ambarvel, Vanaveri (Punjab). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Pergularia extensa |
Throughout India and hotter parts. |
Hairknot Plant, Whitlow Plant. |
Uttamaarani, Vrischikaali, Vishaanikaa. Phala- kantaka. Ajashringi is a doubtful synonym. |
Utthaamani, Veli- paruthi. |
Utaran. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Periploca aphylla |
Punjab and Rajasthan. |
Barri (Punjab). |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Periploca calophylla |
The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Nepal and Meghalaya, ascending to ,m. |
Krishna Saarivaa (substitute). ( Cryptolepis buchanani is equated with Krishna Saarivaa.) |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Sarcostemma brevistigma |
Dry places in West Bengal, Bihar and Peninsular India. |
Moon Plant, Soma Plant. |
Somavalli, Somalataa, Somakshiri, Saumyaa, Dwijpriyaa. (Not to be confused with Soma of the Vedas.) (Substitute: Ephedra gerardiana. ) |
Somamum, Kodi- Kalli. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Tylophora fasciculata |
Sub-Himalayas tract from Uttar Pradesh to Meghalaya and in central and Peninsular India. |
Go-chandanaa. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Tylophora indica |
Assam, West Bengal, Orissa and Peninsular India. |
Emetic Swallow Wort, Indian or Country Ipecacuanha. |
Antamuula, Muulini, Arkaparni. |
Nay Palai, Nangilaip- piratti. |
| Asclepiadaceae |
Tylophora tenuis |
Tamil Nadu up to ,m, and along the back waters in Kerala and West Bengal. |
Nanjaruppan (Tamil Nadu, Kerala). |
| Asclepiadaeae |
Leptadenia spartium |
Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and northern parts of Mumbai along the sea coast. |
Kheemp (Rajasthan), Kheep (Gujarat). Prasaarani is a doubtful synonym. |
| Asclepidaceae |
Gymnema montanum |
Western Ghats from Konkan southwards. |
Gurmaar (related species). |
| Asparagaceae |
Asparagus adscendens |
The western Himalayas and Punjab, from Himachal Pradesh to Kumaon, up to ,m. |
Mushali, (white var.), Mahaashataavari. The black variety is equated with Taalamuuli, Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker. |
Shaqaaqul-e-Hindi. |
| Asparagaceae |
Asparagus officinalis |
Native to Europe and West Asia. |
Asparagus, Sparrow grass. |
Shataavari, Vari, Shatviryaa, Shatmuuli, Shatpadi, Bhiru, Naaraayani, Bahusutaa, Atirasaa. |
Haliyun. |
| Asparagaceae |
Asparagus racemosus |
Found wild in tropical and subtropical parts of India, including the Andamans and ascending in the Himalayas to ,m. |
Indian asparagus. |
Shataavari, Shatmuuli, Atirasaa, Bahusutaa, Shatpadi, Shatviryaa, Bhiru, Indivari, |
| Aspleniaceae |
Asplenium adiantum-nigrum |
Kashmir at m and extending to Dalhousie and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh. |
Black Spleenwort. |
Krishna fern. |
| Asteraceae |
Ageratum conyzoides |
Throughout India, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Goat Weed, White Weed. |
Dochunty, Uchunti, Sahadevi (related sp.). |
| Asteraceae |
Anthemis nobilis |
The temperate regions of the Himalayas. Wild at several places. |
Roman Chamomile, Double Chamomile. |
Gul-e-Baabuuna. |
Shimai chamantipu. |
| Asteraceae |
Carthamus tinctorius |
Cultivated mainly as an oil-seed crop in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra. |
Saower. |
Kusumbha, Vahin- shikhaa, Vastraranjaka, Kusum. |
Qurtum. |
Chendurakam. |
| Asteraceae |
Centratherum anthelminticum |
Throughout India up to ,m in the Himalayas and Khasi Hills. |
Purple Flea-bane, Achenes. |
Aranya-Jiraka, Vanajira- ka, Kaalijiri, Karjiri. Somaraaji (also equated with Psoralea corylifolia Linn., Papilionaceae ). |
Kamoon barri. |
Kaattu seerakam. |
| Asteraceae |
Gnaphalium luteo-album |
Throughout India, ascending up to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Jersey Cudweed, Cotton Weed, Cats Foot, Everlasting Flower. |
Bal-raksha. |
| Asteraceae |
Gynura pseudo-china |
Eastern Himalaya, Sikkim, Assam, and Western Ghats in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. |
| Asteraceae |
Laggera alata |
Throughout India, ascending up to ,m in the hills. (Native to tropical Africa and Madagascar.) |
False Tobacco. |
| Asteraceae |
Microglossa pyrifolia |
North-eastern Indian hills. |
| Asteraceae |
Mikania cordata |
West Bengal, eastern Assam, as a weed in tea gardens; sal and other forests and waste lands. Distributed in tropical America, Africa and Asia. |
Mikaaniaa. |
| Asteraceae |
Pulicaria dysenterica |
Kashmir at ,,m. |
| Asteraceae |
Spilanthes calva |
Tropical and sub-tropical parts of India, in waste places and open moist elds. |
Paracress. |
Marahattikaa. |
Marethi, Desi Akarkaraa. |
| Asteraceae |
Tridax procumbens |
Waste places, road sides and hedges throughout India. |
Mexican Daisy. |
Jayanti (doubtful synonym). |
Vettukkaaya-thalai. |
Akala Kohadi (Bihar). |
| Athyriaceae |
Hemidictyum ceterach |
Western Himalaya, from Kashmir to Garhwal, up to ,m. |
| Balanophoraceae |
Balanophora involucrata |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim and Darjeeling at altitudes of ,,m |
Chavya (tentative synonym). |
| Balsaminaceae |
Impatiens balsamina |
Cultivated in plains throughout India. |
Garden Balsam. (Balsam Appleisnot relatedto Impatiens . It is the fruit of Momordica balsamina .) |
Tarini (provisional synonym). |
Gul-menhdi. |
Kasittumbai. |
| Barringtoniaceae |
Careya arborea |
Sub-Himalayan tract, from Jammu eastwards to West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Kumbi, Slow-Match tree. |
Katabhi, Kumbhi- ka, Kumbhi, Kumbi, Kaitrya, Kumudikaa. |
Kumbi, Ayma. |
| Basellaceae |
Basella alba |
Grown as a pot herb in almost every part of India, except hills |
Indian Spinach |
Upodikaa, Potaki, Maalvaa, Amritvallari |
Vaslakkirai |
Poi. |
| Basellaceae |
rubra |
| Begoniaceae |
Begonia laciniata |
Tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in America. Found in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur, ascending to an altitude to , m |
Beefsteak Geraniums, Elephant’s Ear |
Hooirjo (West Bengal), Teisu (Nagaland) |
| Begoniaceae |
nepalensis |
Tropical and sub-tropical regions, especially in America. Found in Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland and Manipur, ascending to an altitude to ,m. |
Beefsteak Geraniums, Elephants Ear. |
Hooirjo (West Bengal), Teisu (Nagaland). |
| Berberidaceae |
Berberis aristata |
Northwestern Himalayas, Nilgiris, Kulu and Kumaon. |
Indian Barberry. |
Daaruharidraa, Daaru, Daarvi, Daarunishaa, Daarura- jani, Vrahitaphala, Valliphala, Sthirphala. Pushpaphala, Somakaa, Parjanyaa, Parjani, Kantkateri, Taarthya, Pachampachaa. Kaaliyaka is now equated with Pita Chandana ( Coscinium fenestratum (Gaertn.) Colebr., Menispermaceae ). Ex- tractRasaanjana. |
Daarhald. Rasaut (extract). Zarishk (fruit). |
Marmanjal. |
| Berberidaceae |
Berberis chitria |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, at altitudes of ,,m. |
Daaruharidraa (var.). |
Totaro, Kintodaa (Garhwal). |
| Berberidaceae |
Berberis vulgaris |
Distributed in Northwest- ern Himalayas. |
Common Barberry, True Barberry. |
Daruharidraa (var.). |
Chatrod, Kashmal. |
| Berberidaceae |
Mahonia napalensis |
Temperate Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan at , ,m. and in Khasi Hills. |
Holly Leaved Berberry. |
Chhatri (Nepal), Haldia (Garhwal). |
| Berberidaceae |
Podophyllum hexandrum |
Inner ranges of the Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim at ,,m. |
Indian Podophyllum. |
Giriparpata. |
Bana-kakari (Punjab), Venivel (Gujarat), Patvel (Maharashtra). Paapraa, Paapri. |
| Berberidaceae |
Podophyllum sikkimensis |
Sikkim. |
Paapraa (var.). |
| Betulaceae |
Betula alnoides |
The temperate and subtropical Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Manipur. |
Indian Birch, Naga Birch. |
Bhojapatra (var.). |
| Betulaceae |
Betula utilis |
Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan. |
Himalayan Silver Birch, Indian Paper tree. |
Bhuurja, Bahulvalkala, Bahuputa, Lekhyapatraka, Charmi, Chitrapatra, Bhutahaa. |
| Betulaceae |
Corylus avellana |
Native to Europe and Western Asia; common in gardens on hill-station in India. |
European Hazel, Filbert. |
Funduq, Bunduq. |
| Betulaceae |
Corylus colurna |
Western temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon; common in Kashmir forests. |
Turkish Hazel. |
Virin (Kashmir). Thangi, Urni (Punjab). Kapaasi, Bhotiaa Badaam (Kumaon). |
| Bignoniaceae |
Amphicome emodi |
Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at m. |
Kaur (Kashmir). |
| Bignoniaceae |
Dolichandrone falcate |
Moist forests of central and southern India. |
Mesha-shringi (also equated with Gymnena sylvestre R. Br.), Vishaanikaa. |
Kattu Varsana, Kaddalatti, Kaliyacca. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Heterophragma roxburghii |
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. |
Waarasa. |
Barokalagoru. |
Pullunga, Paatang (Maha- rashtra). |
| Bignoniaceae |
Jacaranda acutifolia |
Cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Nili-gulmohar. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Kigelia pinnata |
Native to West Africa, cultivated as a roadside tree. |
Common Sausage tree. |
Jhaar Phaanuus. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Millingtonia hortensis |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Indian Cork tree. |
Maramalli. |
Aakaasha Neem, Neem- Chameli. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Oroxylum indicum |
Throughout the greater part of India. |
Indian Trumpet Flower. |
Shyonaaka, Shoshana, Tuntuka, Kutannata, Madhukparna, Patrorna, Bhalluka, Prthushimba, Nata. |
Peruvaagai. |
Sonaa-paathaa. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Radermachera xylocarpa |
Gujarat, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu. |
Padri tree. |
Vedanguruni, Pathiri. |
Paadiri. Kharsing, Kadashing, Bairsinge (Maharashtra). |
| Bignoniaceae |
Spathodea campanulata |
Native to tropical Africa. Grown as a avenue tree, in Coffee estates for shade |
Syringe tree, Fountain tree, African Tulip tree |
Patadi |
Ruugatuuraa |
| Bignoniaceae |
Stereospermum personatum |
Throughout India, especially in the moist regions. |
Trumpet Flower, Yellow Snake tree. |
Paatalaa, Paatali, Paata- lai, Krishna-vrantaa, Madhu-duuti, Kaama-duuti, Ativallabhaa, Taam- rapushpi, Kuberaakshi. Amoghaa, Kumbhipushpi, Ambuvaasini. Copper-red-owered var., known as Taamrapushpi, is equated with S. suaveolens (Paatalaa) and the white- owered one with S. chelenoides. (Paatalai). |
Paadiri. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Tecoma stans |
Cultivated in gardens. |
Yellow Elder, Yellow Bells. |
Sonapaati, Thanga Arali, Naga Sambagam. |
| Bignoniaceae |
Tecomella undulata |
North-West and Western India, and in the outer Himalayas. |
Rohida tree. |
Rohitaka, Rohi, Daadimpushpaka, Daadimchhada, Plihaghna. ( Amoora rohituka is also known as Rohitaka.) |
| Bixaceae |
Bixa orellana |
Native to Central America, often cultivated in Madhya Pradesh and South India. |
Annatto. |
Sinduri, Sinduriyaa. |
Jabara, Manjitti. |
| Bombacaceae |
Adansonia digitata |
Native to tropical Africa; common along the west coast of India. |
Baobab, Monkey Bread tree, African calabash. |
Sheet-phala, Ravanaam- likaa, Gorakshi, Panchparni. |
Gorakh Imli. |
Papparapuli. |
Gorakh Imli; Gorakh Chinchaa. |
| Bombacaceae |
Ceiba pentandra |
West and South India. Often found planted around villages and temples. |
Kapok, White Silk Cotton. |
Kuuta-Shaalmali, Shveta Shaalmali. |
Ielavum (Tamil). |
| Bombacaceae |
Durio zibethinus |
Native to Malaysia; cultivated in South India for its edible fruit, in lower elevations of the Nilgiris and some parts of the West Coast. |
Durian, Civet Fruit. |
Durio |
| Bombacaceae |
Salmalia malabarica |
The hotter parts of India, up to ,m. |
Shaalmali, Mochaa, Mochaahva, Pichhila, Raktapushpa, Sthiraayu, Kankataadhya, Tuulini. Shaalmali-veshtaka (gum). |
Semal. Mochras (gum). Siddha Mul Ilavam. Ielavampisin (gum). |
Semar. |
| Boraginaceae |
Alkanna tinctoria |
Cultivated in Central and southern Europe. |
Alkanet, Dyers or Spanish Bugloss. |
Ratanjot. National Formulary of Unani Medicine equated Ratanjot with Onosma echioides Linn., found in Kashmir and Kumaon. |
Ratthapaalai, Surul- pattai, Dineshavalli. |
| Boraginaceae |
Anchusa italica |
Indian gardens, and hills. |
Cows Tongue Plant. |
Gojihvikaa (considered as a vegetable, equated with Launaea asplenifolia Hook. f., Compositae , Asteraceae .) Unani Gaozabaan is a dierent drug. |
Gaozabaan. (Now equated with species of Boraginaceae , particularly Borago ocinalis Linn. Imported Unani drug Gaozabaan consists of the leaves and nutlets of Anchusa strigosa Labill and Echium amoenum Fisch. and Mey.) |
| Boraginaceae |
Arnebia benthamii |
The alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, at altitude of ,,m, and in Nepal. |
Kashmiri Gaozabaan, Kash- miri Kahzabaan. |
| Boraginaceae |
Borago officinalis |
The Mediteranean region, Europe and Asia. |
Borage, Cows Tongue Plant. |
Gaozabaan ( Onosma bracteatum Wall. has also been equated with Gaozabaan). |
| Boraginaceae |
Caccinia crassifolia |
Native to Baluchistan. Available in Indian market as Gaozabaan. |
Gaozabaan. (Accord- ing to National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Borago ocinalis Linn. and other species of Boragi- naceae are used as Gaozabaan.) |
| Boraginaceae |
Cordia myxa |
Throughout India, wild and often planted. |
Sabestan Plum. |
Shleshmaataka, Shelu, Bahuvaara, Bahuvaaraka, Bhutvrk- shak, Uddaalaka Shita, Picchila, Lisodaa. |
Sapistaan, Lasodaa. |
Naruvili. |
| Boraginaceae |
Cordia rothii |
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Deccan and Karnataka. |
Sebestan (smaller var.) |
Laghu-shleshmaataka, Lisodaa. |
Naruvili. |
Gondi. |
| Boraginaceae |
Cordia wallichii |
Gujarat, North Kanara and Deccan. |
Sebestan (bigger var.). |
Shleshmaataka (bigger var.), Uddaalaka, Bahu- vaaraka. |
Perunaruvili. |
Gondi. |
| Boraginaceae |
Heliotropium indicum |
Throughout India. |
Scorpion Tail. |
Hastishundi Shrihastini, Vrischikaali. |
Thaelkodukku. |
| Boraginaceae |
Lithospermum officinanle |
Kashmir and Kumaon, at altitudes of ,,m. |
Corn Gromwell. |
| Boraginaceae |
Mycrotomia benthami |
Garhwal, Tibet. |
Dimok (Tibet), Ratanjot (Garhwal). |
| Boraginaceae |
Onosma bracteatum |
Kashmir and Kumaon. |
Borage. |
Gojihvaa, Kharpatraa, Darvipatraa, Vrishjihvaa. |
Gaozabaan (related species). |
Ununjil. |
| Boraginaceae |
Onosma echioides |
Kashmir and Kumaon up to ,,m. |
Ratanjot (equated with Onosma echioides Linn., according to National Formularly of Unani Medicine ). |
| Boraginaceae |
Symphytum officinale |
Europe and from the Mediterranean to Caucasian region. Russian Comfrey or Blue Comfrey has been introduced in Simla; Prickly Camfrey is cultivated in Western India. |
Comfrey, Knitbone. |
Sankuutan (Maharashtra). |
| Boraginaceae |
Trichodesma indicum |
The greater part of India in the plains. |
Adah-pushpi, Adho- mukha, Gandhapushpika, Andhaka. |
Kalhudaitumbai. |
Andhaahuli. |
| Boraginaceae |
Trichodesma zeylanicum |
Peninsular India, crossing into West Bengal. |
Adah-pushpi (related species), Jhingi. |
| Borginaceae |
Rotula aquatica |
Kumaon to Assam and in Central, Western and Southern India, and the Andamans. |
Cheppu-nerinjal. |
Paashaanbheda (Karnataka). |
| Brassicaceae |
Barbarea vulgaris |
Subalpine and temperate Himalayas, at altitudes of , ,m. |
Bitter Cress, Hedge Mustard, Yellow Rocket, Winter Cress. |
Cress. |
| Brassicaceae |
Descurainia sophia |
Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at ,,, also in eastern Himalaya. |
Flix Weed, Flax Weed. |
Khaakasi, Khuubkalaan. |
| Brassicaceae |
Rorippa dufia |
Throughout India, in damp places, ascending up to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Khoobkalaan (also equated with Sisymbrium iro Linn., Hedge Mustard, London Rocket). |
Kattu-kadugu. |
| Bromeliaceae |
Ananas comosus |
Native to South America; cultivated mostly in Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Kerala, Karnataka, West Bengal, Tripura and Orissa. |
Pineapple. |
Anaanaasa, Bahunetra. |
Anannaas. |
Annanshippazham, Annasi. |
| Burseraceae |
Balsamodendron mukul |
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka. |
Indian Bdellium, Gum Guggul. |
Guggul, Devadhoop, Kaushika, Pur, Mahishaaksha, Palankash, Kumbha, Uluukhala. |
Muqallal yahood, Muql, Bu-e-Jahudaan |
Erumaikan Kungiliyam. |
| Burseraceae |
Balsamodendron myrrha |
Arabia, Somaliland. |
Bola, Hiraabola, Surasa, Barbara, Gandharasa. |
| Burseraceae |
Balsamodendron opobalsamum |
Found in countries on both sides of Red Sea |
Balsam tree, Balsam of Mecca, Balsam of Gilead |
Balsaan, Roghan-e-Balsaan (oil), Hab-e-Balsaan (fruit). Ood-eBalsaan (wood |
| Burseraceae |
Boswellia serrata |
The drier parts of Peninsular India. |
Indian Frankincense, Indian Olibanum. |
Shallaki, Susravaa, Gajabhakshyaa, Salai. Gum Kunduru. |
Kundur (gum). |
Parangisambirani, Kungli. |
Salai Guggul. |
| Burseraceae |
Canarium commune |
A tree indigenous to Malaysia. Now grown in South India, particularly in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Java Almond, Kenari Nut. |
Jangali Baadaam. |
| Burseraceae |
Canarium strictum |
A large, deciduous tree distributed in West Ghats, Assam and Sikkim |
Black Dammar |
Raal Dhuup, Mand Dhuup. |
Karunkungiliyam (gum) |
| Burseraceae |
Garuga pinnata |
Throughout India, up to ,m on the hills. |
Grey Downy Balsam. |
Paaranki, Kharpata. (Kinkiraata, Karnikaara, Mri- galindika are doubtful synonyms.) |
Karre Vembu, Arunelli. |
Ghogar, Toon. |
| Burseraceae |
opobalsamum |
Found in countries on both sides of Red Sea. |
Balsam tree, Balsam of Mecca, Balsam of Gilead. |
Balsaan, Roghan-e-Balsaan (oil), Hab-e-Balsaan (fruit). Ood-e- Balsaan (wood). |
| Buxaceae |
Buxus wallichiana |
The Western and Central Himalayas and Punjab. |
Himalayan Boxwood tree. |
Chikri, Shamshaad. Paapari (Garhwal). |
| Buxaceae |
Sarcococca saligna |
The Himalayas and the hills of North-eastern India up to ,m. |
Geru (Garhwal, Patiala), Tiliari (Jaunsar), Sukatsing (Ku- maon). |
| Cactaceae |
Cereus grandiflorus |
Indian gardens. |
Cereus, Night Blooming Cereus, Sweet Scented Cactus. |
Nivadung Paanchkoni (Maharashtra). |
| Cactaceae |
Opuntia cochinellifera |
Indian gardens. Introduced into India towards the end of the th century. |
Cochineal Cactus. (A host for cochineal insect, Dactylopius cacti Linn.) |
Puchikalli. |
| Cactaceae |
Opuntia dillenii |
Native of Mexico; well- acclimatized throughout India. |
Prickly Pear, Slipper Thorn. |
Naagaphani, Kanthaari. |
Naagphani. |
Sappathikalli, Nagathali. |
| Cactaceae |
Opuntia vulgaris |
Throughout the greater part of India. |
| Cactaceae |
Selenicereus grandiflorus |
Indigenous to Mexico; introduced in Indian gardens. |
Night-Blooming Cereus, Sweet-scented Cactus. |
Visarpin, Mahaapushpa, Raatripraphulla. |
| Caesalpinaceae |
Ceratonia siliqua |
Cultivated in Punjab. |
Locust Bean; St. Johns Bread, Carob tree. |
Kharnub Shaami. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia acuminata |
Central India. |
Dwarf White Bauhinia. |
Kaanchnaara, Kovidaara (white-owered var.) |
Kachnaal. |
Vellaimandarai. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia malabarica |
South India, Assam and Bengal. |
Malabar Mountain Ebony. |
Ashmantaka var., Kaanchanaara var. (in the South). |
Malaiyatti. |
Aapataa (Maharashtra), Amli, Amlosaa. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia purpurea |
The Himalayas, and distributed in Northern India, Assam, Khasi Hills. Also cultivated in gardens. |
Camels Foot tree, Pink Bauhinia, Buttery tree, Geramium tree, Orchid tree. |
Kovidaara, Rakta Kaanchanaara. Unani/Siddha Sivappu mandaarai. Siddha Mandarai. |
Koilaara, Khairwaal, Kaliaar, Rakta Kanchan. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia racemosa |
Sub-Himalayan tracts from Ravi eastwards, ascending to ,m. in the Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Central and South India. |
Ashmantaka, Kanchini. |
Kachnaar. |
Kokku mandarai. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia retusa |
Northwestern Himalayas up to m, also in Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Andhra Pradesh. Siddha Nirpa (Telugu). |
Semalaa, Kathmahuli. Gum Thaur |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia tomentosa |
Southern India, Assam and Bihar. |
Yellow Bauhinia, St. Thomas tree, Bell Bauhinia. |
Pita Kovidaara (yellow- owered var.), Pita Kanchana. |
Kokkumandarai, Tiruvaatti, Kanjani. |
Kachnaar. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Bauhinia variegata |
Punjab, Western Peninsula and Assam. Also cultivated in gardens. |
Mountain Ebony, Buddhist Bauhinia. |
Kaanchanaara, Kaan- chanaaraka, Kanchanak, Kaan- chana, Gandhaari, Sonapushpaka, Ashmantaka. |
Sivappumanchori. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Caesalpinia bonduc |
Throughout the hotter parts of India. Common in West Bengal and South India. Often grown as hedge plant. |
Fever Nut, Bonduc Nut, Nikkar Nut. |
Puutikaranja, Lataa- karanja, Kantaki Karanja, Karanjin, Kuberaakshi (seed). |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Caesalpinia coriaria |
Grows abundantly in South India, also cultivated in North-western India and West Bengal. |
American Sumac, Divi-divi Plant. |
Kodivelam. |
Libi-dibi; Divi-divi. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Caesalpinia digyny |
Bengal, Assam and Andamans up to ,m. |
Teri Pods. |
Vaakeri. |
Nunigatcha. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Caesalpinia pulcherrima |
Cultivated in gardens throughout India. |
Barbados Pride, Peacock Flower. |
Padangam, Ratnagandhi, Krishnachuudaa. |
Mayirkonrai, Nalal. |
Guleturaa, Sankeshwara. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Caesalpinia sappan |
Native to India and Malaysia. Cultivated in Bengal and South India, also grown as a hedge plant. |
Sappan. |
Pattanga, Patanga, Pattraanga, Raktasaara, Ranjana, Pataranjaka, Suranga, Kuchandana. |
Bakam. |
Patangam, Anaikun- trumani. |
Patang. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Cassia absus |
Throughout India. |
Chakshushyaa, Aranya- kulathhikaa, Kataka. |
Chaaksu. |
Muulaipalyirai, Kaattukollu. |
Ban Kulathi. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Cassia alata |
Native to the West Indies. Found wild almost throughout India. |
Ringworm Cassia. |
Dadrughna, Dadrumar- dana. Siddha Malanthakerai, Seemai agathi (Tamil). |
Daadmaari. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Cassia angustifolia |
Native to Sudan and Arabia. Now cultivated mainly in Tirunelveli and Ramnathpuram districts and to a lesser extent in Madurai, Salem and Tiruchirapalli districts of Tamil Nadu. Also grown on a small scale in Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh and certain parts of Karnataka. |
Indian Senna, Tinnevelly Senna. |
Svarna-pattri, Maarkandikaa, Maarkandi. |
Sannaa, Sanaa-makki, Senaai, Sonaamukhi, Sanaa-Hindi. |
Nilaavaarai. |
Sanaai. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Cassia auriculata |
Wild in dry regions of Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. Cultivated in other parts of India. |
Tanners Cassia. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Cassia fistula |
Cultivatedasanornamental throughout India. |
Indian Laburnum, Purging Cassia, Golden Shower. |
Aaragvadha, Chatu- raangula, Kritamaala, Kritmaalaka, Karnikaara, Shampaaka, Praagra- ha, Raajvrksha, Nripapaadapa, Raajadruma, Vyaadhighaataka, Aarevata. |
Amaltaas, Khyaarshambar. |
Sarakkonrai. |
Amaltaasa. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Delonix regia |
Native to Madagascar; grown in gardens and avenues for ornamental purposes and for shade. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Haematoxylon campechianum |
Native to tropical America and the West Indies. Grown in Indian gardens. |
Logwood, Peachwood, Compeachy tree. |
Pattanga, Patraanga, Bakam (substitute). ( Caesalpinia sappan is also equated with Pattanga.) |
Buqqam, Bakam-Hindi. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Hardwickia binata |
Dry forests of Deccan Peninsula, Central India and parts of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. |
Anjana. |
Katudugu, Kodapalai. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Kingiodendron pinnatum |
Hills of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. |
Piney. |
Samparni. |
Kodapalai, Ma- dayansambrani. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Peltophorum pterocarpum |
Coastal forests of the Andaman Islands. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Saraca asoca |
Throughout India, except Northwestern India, up to m. |
Ashoka tree. |
Ashoka, Ashoku, Hempushpa, Taamrapallava, Pindapushpa, Gandhapushpa. (Polyalthia longifolia Benth. & Hook. f., an ornamental roadside tree, is wrongly called Ashoka.) |
Ashoka. |
Asogam. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Tamarindus indica |
Indigenous to tropical Africa; now distributed throughout the plains and sub-Himalayan tracts of India. |
Tamarind tree. |
Amli, Amlikaa, Suktaa, Chukraa, Chukrikaa, Chinchaa, Chandikaa, Tintidika. |
Tamar Hindi |
Puli, Aanvilam. |
| Caesalpiniaceae |
Wagatea spicata |
Western Ghats. |
Guchh-karanja. Siddha Okkadi-kodi, Pulinakk- agondai. |
Vaakeri (Maharashtra). Caesalpinia digyna Rottl. is also known as Vaakeri. |
| Calsalpiniaceae |
Cassia obovata |
Punjab, Delhi, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Ma- harashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Spanish, Sudan Senna. |
Maarkandikaa, Svarna- pattri. (related species) |
Sonaamukhi, Sanaai. |
| Calsalpiniaceae |
Cassia obtusifolia |
FromJammuandHimachal Pradesh to West Bengal, also in central and western India, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Chakramarda, Prapun- naada. |
Chakondaa, Chakwar, Pumariaa. |
| Calsalpiniaceae |
Cassia occidentalis |
Throughout India, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Coee Senna, Foetid Cassia, Negro Coee. |
Kaasamarda, Kaasaari. |
Kasondi. |
Paeyaavarai, Thagarai. |
Kasondi (bigger var.). |
| Calsalpiniaceae |
Cassia sophera |
In gardens as hedge throughout India. |
Sophera Senna. |
Kaasamarda. |
Kasondi. |
Ponnaavaarai. |
| Calsalpiniaceae |
Cassia tora |
Throughout India as a weed. |
Sickle Senna, Ringworm Plant. |
Chakramarda, Chakri, Prapunnaada, Dadrughna, Me- shalochana, Padmaata, Edagaja. |
Penwaad Taarutaa. |
Ushittgarai. |
Chakavad, Daadamaari. |
| Campanulaceae |
Lobelia chinensis |
Nepal, Chota Nagpur and Khasi hills at altitudes of ,m. |
| Campanulaceae |
Lobelia inflata |
Native to eastern United States; imported into India. |
Indian Tabacco, Pukeweed. |
Devanala (var.). |
| Campanulaceae |
Lobelia leschenaultina |
Hills of South India at altitudes above ,m. |
Nala (var.). |
Devanala (var.) (Maharash- tra.) |
| Campanulaceae |
Lobelia nicotianaefolia |
Deccan, Konkan and Western Ghats, at altitudes of ,m. |
Wild Tobacco. |
Devanala, Nala (var.). |
Kattuppugaiyilai, Upperichedi. |
| Campanulaceae |
Platycodon grandiflorum |
East Asia; introduced into India and cultivated in rockeries and borders. |
Balloon Flower, Chinese Bell Flower. |
| Campanulaceae |
Wahlenbergia marginata |
Native to South Africa; occurring throughout India. |
Tosad kesari, Dudma Saaga. |
| Cannabinaceae |
Cannabis sativa |
Cultivated all over the country. Commonly occurs in waste grounds, along road side, often becoming gregarious along the irrigation channels of gardens. |
Hemp, Indian Hemp. |
Vijayaa, Bhangaa, Maadani, Maatulaani, Indraasana, Trailokya-vijayaa, Tribhuvana- vijayaa, Shukranaashana, Ganjaa, Bhangaa. (Bhangaa is consumed orally; Ganjaa and charas are usually smoked.) |
Bhang, Charas, Qinnab. |
Ganja. |
Bhaanga. |
| Cannabinaceae |
Humulus lupulus |
Native to Europe and Asia. Conditions for its successful cultivation are reported to exist in Kashmir and parts of Himachal Pradesh. |
Hops. |
Hashish-ut-Dinaar. |
| Cappariadaceae |
Capparis spinosa |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region. Distributed in North-west India, Rajasthan, and Peninsular India. |
Caper Bush. |
Himsraa, Kaakdaani, Kabara. |
Kabar. |
| Cappariadaceae |
Capparis zeylanica |
Common in plains as a hedge plant. |
Ceylon Caper. |
Ahimsra (Himsraa and Ahimsra are synonyms). Vyaaghranakhi. |
Aathondai. |
Kareruaa. |
| Capparidaceae |
Cadaba fruticosa |
Common in Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Kattagatti, Vilivi, Villi. |
Kodhab. |
| Capparidaceae |
Capparis aphylla |
Rajasthan, Punjab and Sindh; southward to Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Caper Berry. |
Karira, Krakar, Apatra, Granthila, Marubhoo-ruuha, Niguudhapatra, Karila. |
Kabar, Kabar-ul-Hind, Kabar-e-Hindi; Tenti. |
Chhengan. |
Tenti. |
| Capparidaceae |
Capparis moonii |
Indigenous to New Zealand. Now distributed in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Rudanti. |
| Capparidaceae |
Capparis sepiaria |
Dry regions of the country, also planted as a hedge plant. |
Indian Caper. |
Himsraa, Gridhnakhi, Duh-pragharshaa, Kaakdaani, Kabara, Kanthaari. |
Karunjurai. |
Hains, Kanthaar. |
| Capparidaceae |
Cleome brachycarpa |
Northwestern Rajasthan, Punjab plains and Delhi. |
Panwaar. |
Madhio (Rajasthan). |
| Capparidaceae |
Cleome icosandra |
Throughout India; Tripura, West Bengal and Gangetic valley, as a weed. |
Wild Mustard. |
Tilaparni, Hurhur (yellow var.), Aadityabhakta. |
Panwaar, Hulhul. |
Nayikkadugu, Nalvellai. |
| Capparidaceae |
Crataeva nurvala |
Wild as well as cultivated in gardens all over India. |
Varuna, Varana, Barnaa, Setu, Ashmarighna, Kumaarak, Tiktashaaka. |
Baranaa. |
Maavilingam. |
| Capparidaceae |
Gynandropsis gynandra |
Throughout warmer parts of India. |
Tilaparni (white var.), (Pita or yellow-owered var. is equated with Cleome viscosa Linn.), Ajagandhaa, Pashugandhaa, Ugragandhaa, Puutigandhaa, Barbaraka. Suuryaavartta has been equated with G. pentaphylla DC. |
Thaivelai, Nalvelai. |
| Capparidaceae |
Maerua arenaria |
Punjab, Sind, Gujarat, Central and Southern India. |
Morata, Piluparni, Madhusravaa. |
Bhumichakkarai. |
Murhari. |
| Caprifoliaceae |
americanum |
Native to North America. Dried bark imported into India. |
Cranberry Bush, Cramp- bark. |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Lonicera japonica |
Assam (Lushai hills); cultivated in gardens. |
Japanese Honeysuckle. |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Sambucus ebulus |
Kashmir at ,,m. |
Dwarf Elder. |
Khamaan Saghir, Khamaan- ul-Arzaa, (Nabli) Khamaan. |
Mushkiyaara (Punjab), Khamman, Ganhulaa. |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Sambucus nigra |
Kangra and in Simla hills. |
European Elder, Black Elder. |
Khamaan Kabir. |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum coriaceum |
The Himalayas from Punjab and Bhutan at altitudes of ,,m, also in the Nilgiris. |
Tilvaka (related species). |
Kaalaa Titmuliyaa, Tita, Karwaa (Kumaon). |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum cotinifolium |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of ,,m. |
Richh, Richhabi, Khimor (Punjab), Gwiaa, Ghinwaa, Guyaa, Ghenu (Kumaon). |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum foetidum |
Khasi hills at altitudes of ,m. |
Narwel (Maharashtra). |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum nervosum |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of ,,m. |
Tilvaka. |
Telam, Timoi (Kumaon), Tilen, Thelkaa (Garhwal). |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum opulus |
Native to North America. Dried bark imported into India |
Cranberry Bush, Crampbark |
| Caprifoliaceae |
Viburnum prunifolium |
Native to eastern and central USA. (Experimental cultivation in the Nilgiri hills.) |
Black Haw |
Tilvaka |
| Caricaceae |
Carica papaya |
Native to West Indies and Central America; now cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and South India. |
Papaya, Papaw. |
Erand-karkati, Papitaa. |
Papitaa Desi. |
Pappaali, Pappayi. |
| Caryophylaceae |
Spergularia rubra |
Native to Southern France and Malta; found in Punjab and Western Uttar Pradesh. |
Sand-Spurry, Sandwort, Arenaria Rubra. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Dianthus carophyllus |
Kashmir; commonly grown in gardens, especially on the hills. |
Carnation, Clove Pink. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Polycarpaea corymbosa |
Throughout the greater part of India, ascending up to ,m in the Himalaya. |
Parpata (substitute). |
Nilaisedachi. |
Pittapaaparaa (Uttar Pradesh), Rupaaphuli (Gujarat). |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Polycarpon prostratum |
Throughout the warmer parts of India in elds and waste places. |
Ghima, Suretaa. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Saponaria officinalis |
Native to temperate region of Europe; introduced in Indian gardens. |
Bouncing Bet, Soapwort. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Saponaria vaccaria |
Throughout India as a weed of cultivated elds of wheat and barley. Also cultivated in gardens for ornament. |
Musna, Saabuni. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Stellaria aquatica |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Uttar Pradesh at ,,m. |
Chickweed, Water Starwort. |
Budeolaa. |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Stellaria media |
Throughout India at ,m. |
Common Chickweed. |
Kokoon (Jammu); Safed Fulki, Buchbuchaa (Delhi). |
| Caryophyllaceae |
Vaccaria pyramidata |
Throughout India, as a weed. |
Soapwort, Cow Herb. |
Musna, Saabuni. |
| Casuarinaceae |
Casuarina equisetifolia |
Cultivated in coastal regions of Peninsular India. |
Casuarina, She-Oak, Australian or Whistling Pine, Beefwood. |
Jhaau, Vilaayati Jhaau. |
Savukku. |
| Celastraceae |
Celastrus paniculatus |
Sub-Himalayan tract up to ,m and South Indian hills. |
Statree, Intellect tree. |
Jyotishmati, Paaraavat- padi. Kangunikaa, Kanguni, Vegaa, Maalkaanguni, Svarnalatikaa, Kaakaandaki, Katuveekaa. |
Maalkangani. |
Vaaluluvai. |
| Celastraceae |
Elaeodendron glaucum |
Throughout India, also planted as an ornamental. |
Krishnamokshaka. |
Selluppaimaram. |
Kaalaa-mokhaa, Ratangaruur. Jamrasi (gum). |
| Celastraceae |
Euonymus tingens |
Tropical Himalayas from Simla to Bhutan between ,and ,m, and in Assam. |
Spindle Wood, Wahoo. ( Euonymus atropurpureus , found in Eastern and Central USA and Canada, is equated with Wahoo and Spindle tree. |
Bhillotaka. |
Chopra, Mermahaul, Kunku, Barphali. |
| Celastraceae |
Gymnosporia spinosa |
Throughout the drier parts of India. |
Vikankata (substi- tute) Sruva-Vrksha (substitute), Vyaaghrapaadi. |
Kattangi, Nandunarai, Valuluvai. |
Baikal. |
| Celastraceae |
Reissantia grahamii |
Konkan, and the South Andamans. |
Danshir, Daushir, Lokhandi, Yesti, Zerwati (Maharashtra). |
| Celastraceae |
Reissantia indica |
North-eastern India. |
Odangod. |
Kazurati, Tirruli (Maharash- tra), Atari-lataa, Kathapahaariaa, Lokhandi (Bengal). |
| Ceratophyllaceae |
Ceratophyllum demersum |
All over India from temperate to tropics, in ponds and lakes. |
Coontail, Hornwort. |
Shaivaala (also equated with Vallisneria spiralis Linn., Hydrocharitaceae ), Jalnili, Jalaja. |
Tuhlub, Pashm Vazg. |
Velampasi. |
Sevaar. |
| Chenopodiacae |
Beta vulgaris |
Native to Mediterranean region; cultivated in North India, Maharashtra and South India. |
Beet Root, Garden Beet, Chard. |
Palanki |
Chukandar |
| Chenopodiacae |
cicla |
Native to Mediterranean region; cultivated in North India, Maharashtra and South India. |
Beet Root, Garden Beet, Chard. |
Palanki. |
Chukandar. |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Chenopodium album |
A common herb. Its leaves and tender twigs are used as vegetable and fodder. |
Fat Hen, Lambs Quarter, White Goosefoot, Wild Spinach, Pigweed. |
Vaastuuka. |
Bathuaa, Baathu. |
Paruppukeerai. |
Bathuaa, Chilli, Chilli-shaak. |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Chenopodium ambrosioides |
Native to West Indies and South America. Now distributed in South India, Bengal, Kashmir and Maharashtra in wet places with cultivated lands. |
Indian Wormseed, Sweet Pigweed, Mexican Tea. |
Sugandh-vaastuuka, Kshetra-vaastuuka. |
Kattasambadam. |
Khatuaa. |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Chenopodium botrys |
The Himalaya, from Kashmir to Sikkim. |
Feather Geramium, Jerusalem-Oak. |
Jangaddi (Tibbet). Sahanik, Vaastuuka (Ladakh). |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Kochia indica |
North-western and Peninsular India. |
Bui-chholi (Punjab). Kauraro. |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Salicornia brachiata |
Sea coast from Bengal to Gujarat. |
Kohlu (Andhra Pradesh). |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Salsola kali |
North-West Himalayas and Kashmir. |
Glass-Wort, Russian Thistle, Prickly-Saltwort. |
Sarjikaa, Katol, Laanaa- buuti, Sajji-buuti. |
Ushnaan, Ghaajuraan. |
Barilla. |
| Chenopodiaceae |
Spinacia oleracea |
Native to South-west Asia; cultivated throughout India. |
Garden Spinach. |
Paalankikaa, Paalankya, Paalakyaa. |
Paalak. |
Vasaiyila-keerai. |
| Cochlospermaceae |
Cochlospermum gossypium |
Andhra Pradesh, Karnata- ka, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar; cultivated at Agartala in Tripura. |
Golden Silk tree, White Silk Cotton tree. |
Samagh, Kateeraa (substitute for gum tragacanth). |
Kongilam (ower juice), Tanaku. |
| Combretaceae |
Anogeissus latifolia |
Central and southern India. |
Axle-wood, Button tree, Ghatti tree. |
Dhava, Dhurand- hara, Shakataahya. Indravrksha ( A. acuminata Wall. ex Bedd. is a related sp. of Dhava). |
Dhaawaa. |
Vellaynaga. |
Ghatti (Gum). |
| Combretaceae |
Calycopteris floribunda |
Madhya Pradesh, Penin- sular India and Assam. |
Sushavi, Paaniyavalli. |
Minnargodi. |
| Combretaceae |
Quisqualis indica |
Native to Java and Malaysia; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Rangoon Creeper. |
Rangoon-ki-Bel. |
Irangunmalli. |
Laal-chameli. |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia arjuna |
Throughout the greater part of India, also grown as an avenue tree. |
Arjun Terminalia. |
Arjuna, Dhananjaya, Kaakubha, Kakubha, Aartagala, Indravriksha, Paartha, Virataru, Viravriksha. |
Arjun Siddha Marudam. |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia bellirica |
Throughout deciduous forests of India. |
Belleric Myrobalan, Bastard Myrobalan. |
Bibhitaka, Vibhitaka, Bibhitaki, Bibhita, Baibhita, Aksha, Akshaka, Kaamaghna, Kalidru Kali, Karshaphala. |
Balelaa, Baheraa. |
Thaanrikkaai, Thandri. |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia bialata |
Andamans. |
White Chuglam, Silvergrey Wood. |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia catappa |
Cultivated throughout hotter parts of India, also in the Andamans. |
Indian Almond, Tropical Almond. |
Natuvadom. |
Jangali Baadaam, Desi Baadaam. |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia chebula |
Abundant in Northern India. Also occurs in the forests of Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Assam, especially in Konkan. |
Chebulic Myrobalan, Black Myrobalan. |
Haritaki, Kaayasthaa, Pathyaa, Shreyasi, Shivaa. (Jivanti, |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia citrina |
Foothills of Himalayas from Nepal eastwards to Assam. |
Haritaki (Bengal); Monalu (Assam), Suravaari Harad (Gujarat). |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia coriacea |
Western Andhra Pradesh and Central India. |
Leathery Murdah. |
Tani (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia myriocarpa |
Eastern Himalayas, from North Bengal eastwards to Assam, Khasi Hills and Arunachal Pradesh. |
Hollock. |
Kakubha (also a syn- onym of Arjuna tree). |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia paniculata |
Forests of Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats up to ,m. |
Flowering Murdah. |
Kinjal (Maharashtra); Neemeeri, Nimiri (Andhra Pradesh); Pekadukkai (Tamil Nadu); Pilamuruthu, Pillamurda (Kerala). Kindal (trade). |
| Combretaceae |
Terminalia tomentosa |
Common in the forests, especially in the humid regions of India, including the sub-Himalayan tracts of North-West provinces, Nepal and Sikkim; also southwards throughout the Peninsula. |
Laurel (trade). ( The Wealth of India. ) |
Asana (Asana is equated with Bridelia montana Willd.) Bijaka (also equated with Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb.) (Asana and Bijaka are considered as synonyms in Indian medicine.) Jaranadrum, a substitute of Ashwakarna, and Kaushik are also doubtful synonyms. |
Karramarda. |
Sarj, Saaj. Sain (Dehra Dun). |
| Commelinaceae |
Commelina benghalensis |
Throughout India in moist places. |
Kanchata, Karnamorata, Karnasphota. |
Kanavazhai, Kanana- gakarai. |
Kenaa (vegetable) (Maharash- tra). |
| Commelinaceae |
Commelina nudiflora |
Throughout India. |
Kanchata (var.). |
Kenaa (vegetable) (Maharash- tra). |
| Commelinaceae |
Murdannia nudiflora |
Throughout India, in moist and marshy places; common in West Bengal. |
Koshapushpi. |
Kanshura. |
| Commelinaceae |
Murdannia scapiflora |
Temperate and tropical Himalaya, upper Gangetic plains and Peninsular India. |
Siyaah Musli; Sismulia (Gujarat); Kureli. |
| Compositae |
Acanthospermum hispidum |
Native to Brazil; found as a weed throughout the greater part of India. |
| Compositae |
Achillea millefolium |
The western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Milfoil, Yarrow, Thousand Leaf. |
Biranjaasif. National Formulary of Unani Medicine also equates Leonurus cardica Linn. ( Labiatae) with Biranjaasif. |
Gandana, Rojmari. |
| Compositae |
Ainsliaea aptera |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of ,m, extending to Khasi hills of Meghalaya. |
Karui Buuti (Garhwal). |
| Compositae |
Amberboa divaricata |
Distributed in the Mediter- ranean region, extending to Central Asia and India. |
Brahmadandi ( Tri- cholepis glaberrima DC. of the same family is also equated with Brahmadandi.) |
Baadaavard. |
| Compositae |
Anacyclus pyrethrum |
NativetotheMediterranean region; cultivated in Algeria. |
Spanish, Pellitory, Pyrethrum Root. |
Aakaarakarabha, Aakallaka, Aakulakrit, Agragraahi. |
Aaqarqarhaa. |
Akkiraakaaram. |
| Compositae |
Anaphalis neelgerriana |
The Nilgiri Hills at , ,m. |
Raktaskandana. |
Kaatplaaster (Nilgiri hills). |
| Compositae |
Arctium lappa |
Native to northern Europe; now found in western Himalayas, Kashmir and Simla. |
Common or Great Burdock. |
Phaggarmuul (Kashmir). |
| Compositae |
Artemisia absinthium |
Kashmir at altitudes of m. |
Wormwood, Maderwood. |
Afsanteen, Vilaayati Afsan- teen. |
Machipatri. |
Mastiyaaraa (Punjab), Titween (Kashmir). |
| Compositae |
Artemisia maritima |
The western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Wormseed, Santonica. |
Chauhaara, Kirmaani Yavaani, Chuhaari Ajawaayin; not related to Ajawaayin. |
Dirmanah, Kirmaalaa, Afsanteen-ul-bahar. (Dirmanah Turki is equated with A. stechmani- ana Besser.) |
Kirmaani Ajawaayin, Kirmaani-owaa, Kirmaani-ajmo. |
| Compositae |
Artemisia vestita |
Western Himalayas at ,,m. |
Gangaa Tulasi. |
Kundiyaa, Chamariyaa. |
| Compositae |
Artemisia vulgaris |
The hilly regions of India, also in Mount Abu in Rajasthan, in western Ghats, and from Konkan southward to Kerala |
Indian Wormwood, Fleabane, Dungwort, Mugwort, Wild Wormwood |
Damanaka, Pushpachaamara, Gandhotkata. (Related sp.: A. siversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.) |
Afsanteen-e-Hindi. (National Formularly of Unani Medicine clubbed it with Baranjaasif.) |
Maasipattiri. |
) Daunaa, Damanaa. |
| Compositae |
Bidens pilosa |
Throughout India in gardens, waste places and tea plantations. |
Phutium (Gujarat), Kuri (Garhwal). |
| Compositae |
Blepharispermum subsessile |
Madhya Pradesh, Maha- rashtra, Karnataka. |
Used as a substitute for Raasnaa in Madhya Pradesh. |
| Compositae |
Blumea balsamifera |
Subtropical Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam and Khasi Hills at ,m. |
Ngai Camphor. |
Kukundara, Gangaapa- tri. |
Kakarondaa. |
| Compositae |
Blumea densiflora |
Sub-tropical Himalayas, Nepal, Sikkim, Assam and Khasia hills. |
Ngai Camphor. |
Kukundara (var.). |
| Compositae |
Blumea eriantha |
Uttar Pradesh, Maha- rashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Kerala. |
Kukundara (var.). |
Kakarondaa. |
Nirmudi (Maharashtra). |
| Compositae |
Blumea fastulosa |
Tropical Himalayas, and throughout the plains of Assam and Penninsular India. |
Kukundara (var.). |
Kakarondaa. |
| Compositae |
Blumea lacera |
Throughout the plains of India, ascending to m. |
Kukundara, Kukuradru, Taamrachuuda. |
Kakarondaa. |
Narakkarandai, Kaatu Mullangi. |
Kakranda. |
| Compositae |
Calendula officinalis |
Throughout India; wild in Punjab. |
Pot-Marigold, Marigold; Calendula. |
Zergul. |
Thulvkka Saamanthi. |
| Compositae |
Centaurea behen |
Indigenous to Iran. Imported into India. |
| Compositae |
Centipeda orbicularis |
In damp places throughout the plains and low hills in India. |
Sneezewort. |
Kshavaka, Chhikkini, Chhikkikaa. |
Nak-chhikani. |
| Compositae |
Chrysanthemum indicum |
Native to China and Japan. Cultivated as an ornamental. |
Chrysanthemum. |
Shatapatri. |
Guldaaudi. |
Samanthipoo, Akkarakkaram. |
| Compositae |
Cichorium endivia |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region, cultivated mainly in Northern India. |
Succory, Endive. |
Kaasani, Bustaani (Baaghi). |
| Compositae |
Cichorium intybus |
Native to Europe; commonly occurs in North West India, Tamil Nadu and parts of Andhra Pradesh. |
Chicory, Indian Endive. |
Kaasani. |
Kaasani Dashti (Barri). |
Kasinikkeerai. |
| Compositae |
Cynara scolymus |
Monastery gardens of Europe. Now cultivated in India. |
Globe Artichoke. |
Harshaf. |
| Compositae |
Dicoma tomentosa |
Native to Africa and Asia, found in north-western and southern India. |
| Compositae |
Doronicum hookeri |
The Himalayas at Lachen and Tungu, and Sikkim. |
Leopards Bane. ( Arnica montana Linn. is also known as Leopards Bane.) |
Daarunaj Aqrabi. |
| Compositae |
Doronicum pardalianches |
Native to Europe. |
Daarunaj Aqrabi. |
| Compositae |
Doronicum roylei |
The Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal. |
Daarunaj Aqrabi Hindi. |
| Compositae |
Echinops echinatus |
Throughout India. |
Globe-Thistle, Camels Thistle. |
Utkantaka, Uttundaka, Brahmadandi. |
Uunta-Kateraa. |
| Compositae |
Eclipta alba |
Throughout India, up to ,m on the hills. |
Trailing Eclipta Plant. |
Bhringaraaja, Bhringa, Bhringaja, Bhrngaaraka, Bhrngaara, Maarkava, Kesharaaja, Keshranjana. |
Bhangraa. |
| Compositae |
Elephantopus scaber |
Throughout warmer parts of India. |
Mayura-shikhaa, Gojihvaa. ( Actinopteris dichotoma Bedd. and Celosia cristata Linn. are also used as Mayura-shikhaa. Anchusa strigosa Lebill., and other Boraginaecae sp. are used as Gojihvaa.) |
Yaanaichhuvadi. |
Mayurjuti, Maaraajuti. |
| Compositae |
Emilia sonchifolia |
Throughout India, ascending to ,m in the hills. |
Shash-shruti (non- classical). |
Hirankhuri. |
Sadamandi. |
| Compositae |
Enhydra fluctuans |
Hills of Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. |
Marsh Herb, Water Cress. |
Hil-mochikaa. |
Harakuch. |
| Compositae |
Erigeron canadensis |
Punjab, Upper Gangetic Plain, Assam, Western Ghats and Western Himalayas. |
Canadian Fleabane. |
Jaraayupriya, Makshikaa-visha, Palit (non- classical). |
| Compositae |
Eupatorium cannabinum |
The temperate Himalayas up to ,m and in Khasi Hills between ,and ,m. |
Hemp Agrimony, Water Hemp, Hemp Eupatorium. |
Bundaar (Maharashtra), Tongollati (Assam). |
| Compositae |
Eupatorium triplinerve |
NativetoBrazil; naturalized in many parts of India; grown in gardens of Maharashtra. |
Ayapana Tea. |
Vishalyakarani, Ayaa- paana. |
Ayapanai. |
Ayapani (Maharashtra). |
| Compositae |
Glossocardia bosvallia |
Plains of Northern and Western India and Deccan Peninsula. |
Parpata (substitute). ( Fumaria parvifolora Linn., Hedyotis corymbosa (L.) Lam synonym Oldenlandia corymbosa Linn., Mollugo cerviana (L.) Ser., Justicia procumbens Linn., Polycarpea corymbosa Lam are also used as Parpata for fevers.) Siddha Parapalanamu. |
| Compositae |
Grangea maderaspatana |
Throughout the greater part of India. |
Aakaarakarabha substitute (doubtful). |
Maasipathri. |
Mastaru, Mukhatari, Maachipatri (Maharashtra). |
| Compositae |
Guizotia abyssinica |
Native to tropical Africa. Cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Orissa. |
Nigerseed. |
Pey Ellu, Uch Ellu. |
Raam-til, Kaalaa Til, Sargujaa. |
| Compositae |
Helianthus annuus |
Native to America. Cultivated in India. |
Sunower. |
Suurajmukhi, Su- uryaavarta. |
Suryakanti. |
| Compositae |
Inula racemosa |
Temperate and Alpine Himalayas from Chitral to Nepal at ,,m. |
Elecampane. |
Pushkaramuula, Pushkara, Paushkara, Padmapatra, Kaashmira, Kushtha-bheda. |
| Compositae |
Jurinea macrocephala |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Jaatukanda, Gugguluka. |
Guugal, Dhuup. |
| Compositae |
Lactuca runcinata |
Many parts of India, as a common weed. |
Undir-chaa-kaan (Maharash- tra). |
| Compositae |
Lactuca sativa |
Native to Southern and West Asia. Cultivated throughout India as a cold weather crop. |
Garden Lettuce. |
Kaahuu Bustaani, Salaad Pattaa, Salaad Baaghi. |
Salattu. |
| Compositae |
Lactuca serriola |
The Western Himalayas, between ,and ,m. Found wild. |
Wild Lettuce, Prickly Lettuce. |
Salaad, Vanya-Kaahuu. |
Kaahuu Saharai, Kaahuu Barri. |
Salattu. |
| Compositae |
Lactuca virosa |
NativetoEurope. Imported into India. |
Bitter Lettuce, Wild Lettuce. |
Kaahuu Sahrai (var.), Kaahuu Barri (var.). |
| Compositae |
Lamprachaenium microcephalum |
Deccan, Konkan and Karnataka |
Brahmdandi. (Tricholepis angustifolia DC. of the same family has also been equated with Brahmdandi in National Formulary of Unani Medicine.) |
Brahmdandi (Maharashtra), Ajadandi |
| Compositae |
Launaea mucronata |
Western India, Punjab and Sind. |
Dudh-phad (Rajasthan). |
| Compositae |
Launaea pinnatifida |
Sandy coasts of India. |
Gojihvaa, Golomikaa. (Gaozabaan, used in Unani medicine, is equated with Bor- aginaceae sp.) |
Vana-gobhi; Paathri (Maha- rashtra). |
| Compositae |
Ligularia tussilaginea |
Native to Japan; grows in Indian gardens. |
| Compositae |
Matricaria chamomilla |
Native of Europe; grown in Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. |
German Chamomile, Chamomile. German chamomile ower is equated with Matricaria recutita L. (synonym Chamomilla recutita L.) and Roman Chamomile ower with Anthemis nobilis L. (synonym Chamamaelum nobilis L.) |
Baabunaa. |
| Compositae |
microcephalum |
Deccan, Konkan and Karnataka. |
Brahmdandi. ( Tricholepis angustifolia DC. of the same family has also been equated with Brahmdandi in National Formulary of Unani Medicine. ) |
Brahmdandi (Maharashtra), Ajadandi. |
| Compositae |
nilagirica |
The hilly regions of India, also in Mount Abu in Rajasthan, in western Ghats, and from Konkan southward to Kerala. |
Indian Wormwood, Fleabane, Dungwort, Mugwort, Wild Wormwood. |
Damanaka, Pushpachaa- mara, Gandhotkata. (Related sp.: A. siversiana Ehrh. ex Willd.) |
Afsanteen-e-Hindi. ( Na- tional Formularly of Unani Medicine clubbed it with Baranjaasif.) |
Maasipattiri. |
Daunaa, Damanaa. |
| Compositae |
Notonia grandiflora |
Konkan,Western Ghats, Deccan and hills of South India. |
Common FleshyRag-weed. |
Mosakathu-thalai. |
Waandar-Roti, Gaidar (Maharashtra). |
| Compositae |
Parthenium hysterophorus |
Tropical and subtropical countries of the world. |
Congress Grass. |
Pichhi, Machhipatri. |
| Compositae |
Pluchea indica |
Sundarbans, in salt marshes and mangrove swamps. |
Kukarondh, Manjurukh (Bengal). |
| Compositae |
Pluchea lanceolata |
Punjab, Upper Gangetic plains, Gujarat, Rajasthan. |
Raasnaa, Rasanaa, Raas- nikaa, Rasaa, Yuktaa, Yuktrasaa, Suvahaa, Elaaparni. |
Vaaya-surai (Uttar Pradesh), Raayasan. |
| Compositae |
Santolina chamaecyparissus |
Mediterranean region. Grown as an ornamental on the hills of South India. |
Lavender Cotton. |
| Compositae |
Saussurea affinis |
Foot Hills of Eastern Himalayas and in Aka and Laushai Hills. |
Ganga-muula (Assam). |
| Compositae |
Saussurea gossypiphora |
Himalayas from Garhwal to Sikkim at ,,m. |
Phen-kamal, Jogi Paashaa, Hiyun Kauni. |
| Compositae |
Saussurea heteromalla |
Batula, Kaaliziri (Punjab). |
| Compositae |
Saussurea hypoleuca |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim. |
Kushtha (pseudo). |
Uplet (Maharashtra). |
| Compositae |
Saussurea lappa |
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Garhwal at ,m; cultivated in Kashmir and neighbouring regions. |
Kuth, Costus. |
Kushtha, Kusht, Vaapya, Kaashmira, Gada, Rug, Ruk, Aamaya, Paalaka. (Substitute: Pushkara Muula, Inula racemosa. ) |
Qust. |
Kostum, Kottam. |
Sugandha-Kuutth. |
| Compositae |
Saussurea obvallata |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at , ,m. |
Brahma-kamal (Kumaon); Birm-kanwal (Punjab). |
| Compositae |
Saussurea sacra |
Near snow line at elevations of , m and above in the Himalayas |
Yogiraj Plant, Sacred Saussurea. |
Jogi-paadshaah (Kashmir), Ghuggi (Garhwal) |
| Compositae |
Senecio jacquemontianus |
The Western Himalayas and Kashmir at elevation of , ,m. |
Poshkar, Hatermuula (Kashmir). |
| Compositae |
Senecio vulgaris |
The Nilgiris and Uttar Pradesh. Introduced into Indian gardens |
Groundsel. |
| Compositae |
Siegesbeckia orientalis |
Throughout India up to ,m. |
The Holy Herb, Sieges- beckia. |
Katampam, Kadambu. |
Pili-badkadi (Gujarat), Lat- latiaa (Bihar), Lichkuraa (Garhwal). |
| Compositae |
Silybum marianum |
Western Himalayas at ,and Kashmir at ,m, also grown in gardens. |
Holy Thistle, Milk Thistle. |
| Compositae |
Solidago virga-aurea |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards and in Khasi Hills, up to ,m. |
European Goldenrod, Woundwort. |
| Compositae |
Sonchus arvensis |
Waste places and elds throughout India, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Corn Sow Thistle. |
Sahadevi (bigger var.). ( Vernonia cinerea is equated with Sahadevi.) |
| Compositae |
Sonchus asper |
Waste places and elds throughout India, up to elevation of ,m. |
Spinyleaved Sow Thistle. |
Sahadevi (bigger var.). |
Didhi, Mhaataaraa (Maha- rashtra). |
| Compositae |
Sonchus oleraceus |
Waste places throughout India, up to elevation of ,m. |
| Compositae |
Sphaeranthus indicus |
Tropical parts of India, in rice elds, cultivated lands as a weed. |
Mundi, Mundika, Munditikaa, Bhuukadamba, Alam- busta, Shraavani, Tapodhanaa. |
| Compositae |
Spilanthes oleracea |
Introduced from Brazil; often cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Brazilian Cress, Para Cress. |
Mahaaraashtri, Marethi, Desi Akarkaraa. Aakaarakarab- ha of Ayurvedic medicine and Aaqarqarha of Unani medicine is equated with Anacyclus pyrethrum DC. (root is used); S. acmella and S. oleracea owering heads are used as Desi Akarkaraa and should not be confused with the original drug. |
| Compositae |
Tagetes erecta |
Native to Mexico; cultivated in gardens all over India. |
| Compositae |
Tanacetum vulgare |
Native to Europe; found as an escape in some parts of Kashmir. |
Tansy. |
Peilmundi (Kashmir). |
| Compositae |
Taraxacum officinale |
Temperate Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Mishmi Hills, Gujarat and in hills of South India. |
Common Dandelion. |
| Compositae |
Tragopogon porrifolius |
Native to Europe; grown in Himachal Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Salify, Vegetable-Oyster, Purple Goats Beard, Oyster Plant. |
| Compositae |
Tricholepis angustifolia |
Coastal regions of Kerala and Karnataka. |
Brahmadandi (related species). |
Uuntakataaraa. |
| Compositae |
Tricholepis glaberrima |
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Peninsular India. |
Brahmadandi. |
| Compositae |
Tussilago farfara |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal at ,,m. |
Coughwort, Coltsfoot, Asses Foot. |
Fanjiyun. |
| Compositae |
Vernonia cinerea |
Distributed throughout India. Common in waste places and road side. |
Ash coloured Fleabane, Purple Fleabane. |
Sahadevi, Uttamkanya- ka, Dandotpalaa. |
Naichotte Poonde. |
| Compositae |
Vernonia javanica |
West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya and Western Ghats. |
Shutthi. |
| Compositae |
Vernonia patula |
The Aka hills of Arunachal Pradesh, as a weed. |
| Compositae |
Vernonia roxburghii |
Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Bihar. |
Sahadevi (related species). |
Doraa-baahaa. |
| Compositae |
Vernonia teres |
Tropical Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim; Bihar and Central India. |
| Compositae |
Vicoa indica |
Throughout the drier parts of India, ascending to an altitude of about ,m in the Himalayas. |
Vandhyaavari. |
Jimikipoo, Mookuti, Poondu. |
Banjhori, Vajarangi. |
| Compositae |
Volutarella ramosa |
All overIndia, except West Bengal and eastwards. |
Baadaavard, Al-baavard, Shukaayi. |
Bhu-dandi, Sukaayi (Maharashtra) |
| Compositae |
Wedelia biflora |
Near sea-coasts and the Andamans. |
Bhringaraaja (yellow- owered var). |
| Compositae |
Wedelia calendulaceae |
Bengal, Assam, Konkan, and Tamil Nadu. |
Bhringaraaja (yellow- owered var.), Pitabhringi, Pitabhringa-raaja, Avanti, Ke- sharaaja, Kesharaaga. |
Manjal karisaalai, Potralai kaiyan tagarai, Patalai Kaiantakerai. |
| Compositae |
Xanthium strumarium |
Tropical India. |
Cocklebur, Burweed. |
Shankheshwara, Arishta, Aartagala. |
Maruloomatham, Marlumutta. |
Bana-okraa. |
| Connaraceae |
Rourea minor |
Western parts of the Peninsula, from Konkan southward and in West Bengal and Assam. |
Vridha. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Argyreia speciosa |
Found all over India, ascending to m. |
Elephant Creeper. |
Vriddhadaaruka, Vriddhadaaru, Vriddhadaaraka, Bastaantri, Sthavira, Sthaviradaaru, Atarunadaaru, Samudrashosha. (Seeds of Salvia plebeia R. Br. are also known as Samudrashosha.) |
Samunder sokh. |
Ambgar, Samuddira- pacchai |
Bidhaaraa. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Convolvulus arvensis |
Throughout India, up to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Deers Foot. |
Bhadrabalaa, Hiranpadi. |
Lablaab. |
Hirankhuri, Haranpagaa. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Convolvulus pluricaulis |
Throughout India, ascending to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Shankhapushpi, Shankhaahvaa, Kshirapushpi, Maangalya Kusuma (white- owered). Blue-owered var., Vishnukraanti, Vishnukraantaa, Vishnugandhi is equated with Evolvulus alsinoides Linn. |
Sankhaahuli (blue-owered) |
| Convolvulaceae |
Convolvulus scammonia |
A native to the Mediter- ranean region. |
Scammony. |
Saqmunia. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Cressa cretica |
Costal regions of India. |
Rudanti, Rudantikaa, Rudravanti. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Cuscuta epithymum |
A parasitic climber, occuring in Europe, Asia, South Africa. |
Lesser Doddar, Hellweed, Devils Guts. |
Aakaashvalli, Amarvalli, Amarvela. |
Aftimoon. |
Sitammapogunalu (Telugu). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Cuscuta reflexa |
A parasitic climber common throughout India up to ,m. |
Doddar. |
Amarvalli. |
Kasoos. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Erycibe paniculata |
Throughout India, common in Uttar Pradesh. |
Ashoka-rohini (non- classical). |
Unamkodi. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Evolvulus alsinoides |
Throughout India, as a common weed in open and grassy places; ascending to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Shankapushpi (blue- owered var., Convolvus pluricaulis : white-owered var.) |
Shankhaahuli. |
Vishnukrandi (blue-owered), Shivakrandi (white-owered). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Evolvulus nummularius |
A weed of grassy lawns. |
Aakhukarni, Muusaakarni (substitute for Merremia emarginata (Burm. f.) Hallier f., synonym Ipomoea reniformis Choisy). |
Muusaakaani, Chhinipatra (Bihar). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Exogonium purga |
Native to Amercia. Grows in Southern and Eastern India. |
Jalap. |
Jalaapaa. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea aquatica |
Throughout the greater part of India. |
Swamp Cabbage. |
Kalambi, Naalikaa. |
Vellaikeerai, Koilan- gu. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea batatas |
Native to tropical America; cultivated throughout India for edible tubers. |
Sweet potato. |
Mukhaaluka, Rataalu, Raktaalu, Raktapindaka, Raktakan- da. |
Shakarkand, Rataalu. |
Sakkareivelleikulan- gu. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea bona-nox |
Throughout India. |
Moon Flower. |
Chandrakaanti, Gul- chaandani, Dudhiaa Kalami. |
Naganamukkori. |
Chaandani, Dudhiaa Kalami. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea digitata |
Tropical India in moist regions. |
Milky Yam. |
Kshira-vidaari, Kshir- valli, Payasvini, Swaadukandaa, Ikshukandaa, Gajavaajipriyaa, Kan- dapalaasha, Bhuumikuushmaanda. Siddha Paalmudukkan kizhangu. |
Bilaaikanda. Bhuin Kakhaaru (Orissa). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea eriocarpa |
Throughout India. |
Aakhukarni (related species), Sheetavalli (provisional synonym). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea hederacea |
North American species. Not found wild in India. Grown in Indian gardens. |
Krishna-bija, Kaalaadaanaa. Kakkattan (Tamil Nadu). Jirki (Andhra Pradesh). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea marginata |
Throughout India in the plains, especially on the bank of stream and rivers. |
Lakshmanaa (Also equated with Ipomoea obscura (Linn.) Ker-Gawler.), Putradaa, Putrajanani. |
Tirutaalli (Kerala). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea muricata |
The Himalayas, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra and South India. |
Travellers Midnight Lilies. |
Krishnabija (related species). (Sold as Kaalaadaanaa, seeds of Ipomoea nil .) |
Kattu Talai. |
Michaai. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea nil |
Throughout India; also occurs as a weed. |
Pharbitis seeds. |
Antah-kotarpushpi, Kaalaanjani (provisional syn- onym), Krishnabija, Kaalaadaanaa, Shyaamabija, Shankhani, Jhaara- maaricha. |
Kaalaadaanaa. |
Kaakkattan. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea pes-caprae |
Near sea, especially on the West Coast. |
Goats Foot Creeper. |
Chhagalaantri, Mar- yaada-valli. |
Adambu, Attukkal, Musattalai. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea petaloidea |
Throughout India; ascending to m. |
Shyaamaa, Chhaa- galaantri, Vriddhadaaraka, Vrid- dhadaaru. Argyreia nervosa (Burm. f.) Boj., synonym A. spiciosa Sweet, Convolvulaceae , is equated with Vriddhadaaru and Vriddhadaaruka, while Ipomoea petaloidea and I. pes-caprae are also known by identical synonyms. Operculina turpethum , synonym I. turpethum is used as a substitute for I. petaloidea . |
Shaaraf. Siddha Nilapoosani. |
Bidhaaraa, Nishoth (black var.) |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea purga |
Cultivated in the Nilgiris and Poona. |
Jalap. |
Jalaapaa. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea purpurea |
Native of tropical America; found throughout greater part of India, grown in gardens. |
Tall Morning-Glory. |
Karakatiyaa (seeds). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea quamoclit |
Native to tropical America; grown as an ornamental. |
Cypress Vine, Indian Pink. |
Kaamalataa. |
Kembumalligai, Mayirmanikkam. |
Sitaakesh. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea reniformis |
In damp places in upper Gangetic plains; Bihar, Bengal, Peninsular India. |
Aakhuparni, Aakhu- parnika, Muusaakarni, Aakhukarni. Undurukarnikaa. (Also equated with Dravanti.) |
Yelikkaadhukeerai, Perettaikkirai. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea sepiaria |
Throughout greater part of India. |
Banakalami, Hanumaan- Vel, Manjika. (Also equated with Lakshmanaa.) |
Thaalikeerai (Laksh- manaa of the South). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Ipomoea vitifolia |
Throughout warmer parts of India, except the north-western arid region. |
Nauli, Nawal (Maharashtra). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Lettsomia elliptica |
Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Deccan, Karnataka, Anaimalai Hills and Western Ghats from Konkan southwards to Kerala. |
Silverweed. |
Unnayangodi. |
Khedari, Bond vel (Maha- rashtra). |
| Convolvulaceae |
Merremia quinquefolia |
Maharashtra, Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Rajasthan. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Merremia tridentata |
Upper Gangetic Plain, Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal, South India and Gujarat. |
Prasaarini (Kerala and Karnataka), Tala-nili. |
Mudiyaakunthal. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Operculina turpethum |
Throughout India |
Indian Jalap, Turpeth. |
Trivrta, Trivrtaa, Trib- handi, Triputaa, Saralaa, Suvahaa, Rechani, Nishotra, Kumbha, Kaalaa, Shyaama, Shyaamaa. |
Turbud, Nishoth. |
Karunchivadai. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Rivea corymbosa |
Native to tropical America; cultivated as an ornament in gardens in Mumbai, Pune and Belgaum. |
Ololiuqui, Snake Plant. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Rivea hypocrateriformis |
Throughout India. |
Midnapore Creeper |
Phanji. |
Budthi-kiray. |
Kalmi-lataa, Phaang. |
| Convolvulaceae |
Rivea ornate |
South India. |
Phanji (var.). |
Machuttai. |
Baravat, Phaang. |
| Crassulaceae |
Bryophyllum pinnatum |
Throughout the warm and moist parts of India, especially abundant in West Bengal. |
Parnabija, Airaavati. |
Zakhm-e-Hayaat. |
| Crassulaceae |
Kalanchoe integra |
Tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, on Lushai hills and in the Deccan. |
Parnabija |
Zakhm-e-Hayaat. |
Rungru, Tatara. Bakalpattaa, Patkuari (Kumaon). Hathokane (Nepal). |
| Crassulaceae |
Kalanchoe laciniata |
Maharashtra, Deccan and Bengal. |
Parnabija (var.), Vatapatri. |
Zakhm-e-Hayaat |
Malakalli. |
Hemasaagar. |
| Crassulaceae |
Kalanchoe pinnata |
Throughout the warm and moist parts of India, especially abundant in West Bengal. |
Parnabija, Pattharchuur, Pattharchat, Hemsaagar. (Paashaa- nabheda is a misleading synonym.) |
Zakhm-e-Hayaat. |
Runakalli. |
| Crassulaceae |
Sempervivum tectorum |
Nilgiris, as ornament. (A common garden plant in Britain and Europe.) |
Houseleek |
| Cruciferae |
Anastatica hierochuntica Linn |
Arabia, Palestine, Syria |
Jericho Rose. |
Kafemariyam, Kafe-aaishaa. |
Garbha-phool. |
| Cruciferae |
Armoracia lapathifolia |
Native to Europe; grown in gardens in northern India and in hill stations of southern India. |
Horseradish. |
| Cruciferae |
Brassica alba |
Native of Europe and West Asia. Cultivated in North India as a crop. |
White Mustard. |
Siddhaartha, Shveta Sarshapa, Sarshapa-Gaura. |
Khardal Safed. |
Venkadugu |
Safed Raai. |
| Cruciferae |
Brassica campestris |
Cultivated as an oil-yielding crop. |
Field Mustard, Turnip Rape. |
Sarshapa, Siddhaartha. |
Sarson. |
Kadugu. |
| Cruciferae |
Brassica juncea |
Cultivated in Punjab, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Gujarat. |
Chinese Mustard, Brown Mustard. |
Raajikaa, Aasuri Raai, Tikshnagandhaa. |
Kadugu. |
Raai |
| Cruciferae |
Brassica napus |
Cultivated in Punjab, Bengal and Bihar. |
Mustard, Indian Rape. |
Krishna-Sarshapa, Raajakshavaka, Kattaka, Katus- neha, Tantubha, Siddhaartha, Siddhaarthaka, Siddhaartha-sita, Rakshogna. (White variety of Sarshapa is also equated with Siddhaartha. Asita and Rakta seed varieties are reddish; Gaur and Siddhaartha are whitish.) |
Kaali Sarson |
| Cruciferae |
Brassica nigra |
Cultivated in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Black Mustard. |
Banarasi Raai, Raajika |
Khardal Siyah |
Kadugu. |
Raai. |
| Cruciferae |
Capsella bursa-pastoris |
Throughout India as a weed in moist places a weed in cultivated areas and waste places, particularly in the temperate regions |
Shepherd’s Purse, St.
James’s Wort. |
Mumiri |
| Cruciferae |
Cheiranthus cheiri |
Native to South Europe, grown as an ornamental. |
Wall-flower, Gilli Flower |
Tudri (Surkh, Safed, Zard) |
| Cruciferae |
Cochlearia armoracia |
Eastern Europe; cultivated in Britain and the USA. Grown to a small extent in North India and hill stations of South India. |
Horseradish. |
| Cruciferae |
Eruca sativa |
Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi and Madhya Pradesh. |
Rocket-Salad. |
Tuvari, Tuvarikaa, Shveta-sursaa, Bhuutaghna, Darad- harsha, Siddaartha. |
Jirjeer, Taraamiraa. |
Safed Sarson. |
| Cruciferae |
Farsetia hamiltonii |
Mediterranean region, eastwards to India and southwards to tropical Africa. |
Farid-booti (Punjab). |
| Cruciferae |
Farsetia jacquemontii |
Rajasthan and Northwest- ern parts of India. |
Farid-booti. |
| Cruciferae |
Iberis amara |
Native to Europe; cultivated in gardens. Reported to occur in Chamba. |
Rocket Candytuft, Clown’s Mustard. |
| Cruciferae |
Matthiola incana |
Native of Europe; grown as ornamental. |
Stock, Gilli-flower. |
Tudri Safed. |
| Cruciferae |
Nasturtium officinale |
Cultivated in Bengal, Orissa and Punjab. |
Watercress |
Piriyaa-Haalim (Punjab), Latputiyaa (Maharashtra). |
| Cruciferae |
rapa |
| Cruciferae |
Raphanus sativus |
Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Maharashtra and Gujarat. |
Radish. |
Muulaka, Laghu- muulaka, Muulakapotikaa, Visra, Shaaleya, Marusambhava. Pods— Sungraa, Singri, Mungraa. |
Muuli, Turb Fajal. |
Mullangi. |
| Cruciferae |
Sisymbrium irio |
Kashmir, Punjab, Haryana and from Rajasthan to Uttar Pradesh in moist soils. |
London Rocket. |
Khaaksi. |
Khuubkalaan. |
| Crucifere |
Isatis tinctoria |
Native to Afghanistan and Western Tibet. Now cultivated as an ornamental. |
Dyer’s Woad. |
| Crucifereae |
Thlaspi arvense |
The temperate and sub-alpine Himalayas. |
Pennycress, Fanweed. |
Drekaa (Laddakh). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
amara |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Benincasa hispida |
Cultivated largely in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and Bihar. |
Ash Gourd, White Gourd, Wax Gourd, White Pumpkin. |
Kuushmaanda, Kuush- maandaka, Kuushmaandanaadi |
Pethaa, Mahdabaa, Kaddu- e-Roomi. |
Ven-poosani, Saambalpushani. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Bryonopsis laciniosa |
Throughout India. |
Bryony. |
Lingini, Shivalingi, Chitraphalaa. |
Iyaveli, Iyaviraali. |
Lingadonda (Telugu). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Citrullus colocynthis |
Throughout India |
Colocynth Bitter Apple. |
Indravaaruni, Indraval- li, Indravaarunikaa, Gavaakshi, Chitraa, Chitraphalaa, Indraasuri, Mrigaani, Mrigairvaaru, Vishaalaa, Vishaalyka, Indraayana. Ain- |
Hanzal. |
Kumatti. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Citrullus vulgaris |
Cultivated throughout India on sandy river beds, |
Watermelon |
Kalinga. |
Tarbuz. |
Poiychaviral, Tharbuza- palam (Tamil. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Coccinia indica |
Cultivated in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu; wild in many parts of India. |
Ivy-Gourd. |
Bimbi, Tundi, Tundikaa, Tundikeri, Kunduru, Raktaphala, Piluparni, Dantchhadaa. |
Kanduri. |
Kovvai. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Corallocarpus epigaeus |
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Peninsular India. |
Shukanaasaa, Nahikaa, Katunaahi, Paataala-garudaa. |
Kollankovai, Aaakaasagarudam |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Ctenolepis cerasiformis |
Wild on wastelands in Gujarat. |
Shankhini. |
Aankha-phuutaa-mani |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucumis melo |
Cultivated in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. |
Snake Cucumber. |
Ervaaru, Ervaaruka, Urvaaru, Bahukanda, Karkati. |
Kakari. |
Kakkarikkay, Vellarikkai. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucumis prophetarum |
Wild on wastelands of Sindh, Baluchistan, Rajasthan; in dry districts of Bellary in the South |
Wild Cucumber. |
Indravarruni |
Khar-indraayana |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucumis sativus |
Cultivated for its edible fruits which are usually used as salad vegetable. |
Cucumber. |
Trapusha, Traapusha, Trapushi, Tiktakarkatikaa |
Khiyaar, Khiraa |
Vellarikkai |
Khiraa. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbita maxima |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Red Gourd, Red Pumpkin. |
Peeta Kuushmaanda, Kuushmaandaka, Kuusmaandi, Karkaaruka, Seetaaphal. |
Kaddu-e-Sheerin, Aqteen. |
Parangikayi. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbita moschata |
Native to Central America. Cultivated in warmer climate than that required for C. maxima. |
Squash. |
Kumshmaanda. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Cucurbita pepo |
Native to N. Mexico and eastern U.S.A. Now commonly cultivated in Northern India. |
Pumpkin, Marrow |
Safed Kaddu, Kumhraa. |
Suraikayi (Tamil). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Ecballium elaterium |
Mediterranean region and Western Asia. |
Squirting Cucumber. |
Kantaki Indravaaruni (non-classical). |
Kateri Indryaayana, Kitran |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Lagenaria siceraria |
Throughout India. |
Bitter Bottle-Gourd. |
Katu-tumbi, Tumbini, Ikshavaaku. Tiktaalaavu, Pindapha- laa. |
Kaddu-e-talkh (bitter var.). |
Suraikai. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Luffa acutangula |
Throughout India. |
Ribbed or Ridged Gourd (bitter var.). |
Katukoshataki, Tik- takoshtaki. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Luffa cylindrica |
Cultivated throughout greater parts of India. |
Smooth Luffa, Sponge- gourd, sponge Cucumber. |
Dhaamaargava, Ma- haakoshtaki, Mahaajaalini, Raa- jakoshataki. |
Mozhukupeerankai, Pikku. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Luffa echinata |
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Bengal and Gujarat. |
Bristly Luffa. |
Devadaali, Devataadaka, Jimuuta, Garaagari, Kothaphala. |
Panibira. |
Bandaal (Varanasi). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Melothria maderaspatana |
Throughout India, |
Ahilekhana, Trikoshaki. |
Musumsukkai. |
Agmaki. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Momordica balsamina |
Punjab, Gujarat, Dehra Dun and Andhra Pradesh. |
Balsam Apple. |
Jangali Karelaa |
Mokhaa. Chhochhidan (Gujarat). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Momordica charantia |
Cultivated all over India for its fruits. |
Bitter Gourd, Blsam Pear, Carilla. |
Kaaravellaka, Kaaravella, Kaathilla, Sushaavi. |
Karelaa. |
Paakal, Paharkai. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Momordica cochinchinensis |
Cultivated throughout the country, especially found in Assam, Bengal, South India and Andaman Islands. |
Karkataka, Kaaravella- jalaja. |
Kakrol (Maharashtra), Bhat-karelaa, Gulkakraa. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Momordica dioica |
Throughout India |
Small Bitter Gourd, Bur Cucumber. |
Karkotikaa, Karkotikaa- vandhyaa, Karkotaka, Karkota. |
Tholoo-pavai, Paluppakai, Kaattupaagala. |
Jangali Karelaa, Ban-Karelaa, Bhat-Karelaa, Dhar-Karelaa. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Momordica tuberosa |
Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu, in bushes along the banks of water courses. (It is not cultivated.) |
Kaarali-Kanda, Kudu- hunchi. |
Athalaikai |
Kakrol (Maharashtra). |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes anguina |
Cultivated throughout India particularly in South India. |
Snake-Gourd |
Dadhipushpi, Chichin- da, Shvetaraaji, Ahiphala. |
Pudal. |
Chichindaa, Chichendaa |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes bracteata |
Throughout India, in moist places. |
Indravaaruni (red var.), Vishaalaa, Mahaakaala, Mahendra-vaaruni. |
Korattai. |
Mahkaar, Maakaal, Laal Indraayana, Kondal. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes cordata |
Foot hills of the Himalayas from Garhwal to Sikkim and in north-eastern India, |
Vidaari (var.), Bhuumi- kushmaanda, Patola (related species.). |
Bhui-kumhraa. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes cucumerina |
Found throughout India in scrub-jungles and waste places. |
Amritaphala, Vana- Patota, Tikta-Patoli. |
Kattu Pey Pudal. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes dioica |
Warmer regions of India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh. Bihar, West Bengal and Assam. |
Patol, Pointed Gourd. |
Patola, Kulaka, Raa- jiphala, Karkashchhada, Karkasha, Bijagarbha. |
Parwal. |
Kommu Patolia. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Trichosanthes nervifolia |
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Patoli (related species of Patola). |
Kombu Pudalai. |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Zanonia indica |
The peninsular India, khasi hills of Meghalaya and the Andamans. |
Chirpoti, Chirpotaa, Kuntali, Tiktaka. |
Penar-valli |
Parpoti |
| Cucurbitaceae |
Zehneria umbellata |
Throughout India |
Pulivanji. |
Tarali. Gometi (Maharashtra). Banakakaraa (Punjab). Kudri (Bengal). |
| Cucurbitacease |
Kedrostis foetidissima |
Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Appakovay (Tamil Nadu). Kukumadona, Nagadonda (Andhra Pradesh) Nurakvel (Maharash- tra). |
| Cupressaceae |
Cupressus sempervirens |
Native to Asia Minor, Syria and North Persia. The tree is a variety only known in the cultivated state in North-West India. |
Mediterranean Cypress. |
Suraahva. |
Saro. |
Suram, Churam |
| Cupressaceae |
Thuja orientalis |
Native to China; planted all over India in gardens. |
Oriental Arbor-Vitae |
Morepankhi. |
| Curciferace |
alba |
| Curciferace |
Lepidium iberis |
Bhutan, Kumaon and Kashmir, |
| Curciferace |
Lepidium latifolium |
North-West Himalayas. Bhutan, Kumaon and Kashmir, |
Gonyuch (Ladakh) |
| Curciferace |
Lepidium ruderale |
Bhutan, Kumaon and Kashmir, |
| Curciferace |
Lepidium sativum |
Native to West Asia; cultivated throughout India as a salad plant. |
Garden Cress, Water Cress. |
Chandrashuura, Chan- drikaa, Vaas-pushpaa, Pashume- hankaarikaa, Nandini, Suvaasaraa, Aashaalim. |
Habb-ul-rashaad, Tukh-e- Taratezak, Haalim, Sipandaan. |
Alivirai. |
| Cycadaceae |
Zamia angustifolia |
Native to tropical and sub-tropical America; introduced into Indian gardens. |
| Cyperaceae |
Cyperus articulatus |
Native to Turkey; found in warm regions from Bengal to Sri Lanka in standing water of ponds and canals. |
Guinea Rush, Ardue. |
Kronchaadana. |
| Cyperaceae |
Cyperus esculentus |
Indigenous to West Asia and North Africa; occurring scattered from Punjab to Nilgiri hills as a grass-like sedge. |
Earth Almond, Chufa, Rush Nut, Tiger Nut. (Tuber is called Nut.) |
Chichoda. |
Chichodaa, Kaseru (Punjab). Also equated with Naagaramustaka. |
| Cyperaceae |
Cyperus rotundus |
Throughout India, |
Nut Grass. |
Musta, Mustaa, Mus- taka, Abda, Ambuda, Ambhoda, Ambodhara, Bhadra, Bhadraa, Bhadramusta, Bhadramustaa, Bhadramustaka, Ghana, Jalada, Jaldhara, Meghaahvaa, Nirada, Vaarida, Vaarivaaha, Payoda, Balaahaka. Ganda-Duurvaa |
Naagarmothaa, Saad-e-Kufi. |
Koraikkizhangu. |
Mothaa. |
| Cyperaceae |
Cyperus scariosus |
Damp situations in Uttar Pradesh and eastern and southern parts of India. |
Nut grass. |
Bhadramustaa, Musta, Amoda, Naagaramustaka. (Naagara is a different drug, equated with
Zingiber officinale Rosc.) |
Korai-kilangu |
Naagara-mothaa. |
| Cyperaceae |
Eleocharis dulcis |
Widely cultivated in China. |
| Cyperaceae |
Fimbristylis ovata |
Sold in Kolkata under the name Singapuri Keysur. |
Chinese Water Chestnut. |
Shringaataka (substi- tute), Kasheruka (substitute). |
| Cyperaceae |
Kyllinga triceps |
Northwestern India, Gujarat, Rajasthan and South India. |
Nirvishaa (var.) Mustaka (var.), Apivisha. |
Mustu (Maharashtra). |
| Cyperaceae |
Scirpus articulatus |
Grown in aquatic gardens. |
Laghu Kasheruka. |
| Cyperaceae |
Scirpus corymbosus |
Throughout India, in shallow waters. |
Kronchaadana. |
| Cyperaceae |
Scirpus kysoor |
Distributed throughout India, |
Kasheru, Kasheruka. |
Karundan, Gundati- gagaddi (rhizome). |
Kaseru. |
| Cyperaceae |
Scirpus tuberosus |
Marshy areas and on the banks of streams |
Sea Clubrush. |
Raaj Kasheruka. |
| Cyperaceae |
Scleria lithosperma |
Throughout India |
Scleria. |
| Datiscaceae |
Datisca cannabina |
Temperate and subtropical Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal |
False Hemp. |
Akal-ber. Bhang-jala (Punjab). |
| Dilleniaceae |
Delima scandens |
Forests of Bengal, Assam and the Andamans. |
Paaniya Valli. |
| Dilleniaceae |
Dillenia indica |
The Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan; north Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. |
Elephant Apple. |
Bhavya. |
Uva, Chaaltaa |
| Dilleniaceae |
Dillenia pentagyna |
The Himalayan terai from Punjab to Assam, and South India and the Andamans. |
Dillenia. Agai (Bihar), Agachi (Maharashtra). |
| Dilleniaceae |
Tetracera indica |
Assam. |
Anaittichal. (A related species T. laevis Vahl, is found in the forests of Kerala.) |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea alata |
Native to East Asia; cultivated in Assam, Vadodara, Tamil Nadu, Bengal and Madhya Pradesh. |
Wild Yam, Greater Yam, Asiatic Yam. |
Kaashthaaluka. Aaluka (var.). Aalukas (yams) of Ayurvedic texts, belong to Dioscorea spp. |
Perumvalli kizhangu. |
Kathaalu. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea anguina |
Wet regions of the Himalayas from Central Nepal, eastwards to northern Bengal, Assam and Chittagong. |
Kaasaalu, Kasaalu. |
Kaasaalu, Kasaalu. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea bulbifera |
Throughout tropical India |
Patoto Yam, Bulb-bearing Yam, Air Potato, Dog Yam. |
Baraahikand. |
Kodi-kilangu, Pannu-kilangu. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea daemona |
Sikkim, the Himalayas, Khasi Hills. |
Hastyaaluka. |
Peiperendai. |
Karukandu, Kolo (Bihar). |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea deltoidea |
The Himalaya from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh and in Assam |
Vaaraahikanda (var.), Grishti. |
Gun, Kris (Punjab). |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea esculenta |
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Bengal, Assam and the Andamans. |
Lesser Yam, Karen Potato. |
Madhvaaluka. |
Musilam, Valli kilangu, Siruvalli Kilangu |
Suthani. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea glabra |
Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Andaman and Nicobar Islands. |
Shankhaaluka. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea hamiltonii |
The Western Ghats, Sikkim, Assam, Orissa and Bengal. |
Vaaraahi (var.). |
Naagar-kanda (Bihar). |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea oppositifolia |
South India; throughout the hills of Deccan. |
Amlikaakanda |
Kavala-kodi, Venilai Valli |
Aambaalio Kanda (Gujarat). |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea pentaphylla |
Native to tropical Asia; distributed throughout India. |
Vaaraahikanda (var., dry pieces are sold as Vidaarikanda). |
Kaantaalu. |
| Dioscoreaceae |
Dioscorea prazeri |
The Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan |
Neelaalu. |
| Dipterocarpaceae |
Dipterocarpus alatus |
The Andamans |
Gurjun. |
Ashwakarna, Garjan, Shveta-Garjan, Jarandruma. |
| Dipterocarpaceae |
Dipterocarpus turbinatus |
The Andamans and Assam. |
Common Gurjun tree, Wood Oil tree. |
Ajakarna, Chhaagakar- na, Ashwakarna. |
Enney, Saara |
Gurjan |
| Dipterocarpaceae |
Dryobalanops camphora |
From Borneo to Sumatra islands. |
Borneo or Barus Camphor. |
Bhimseni Kapoor. |
Baraas Kapoor. |
| Dipterocarpaceae |
Shorea robusta |
North, east and central India. |
Sal tree. Oleoresin: Sal Dammer or Bengal Dammer. |
Shaala, Saalasaara, Dhuupa-vriksha. (Substitute: Vateria indica.) |
Kungiliyam, Venkungiliyam (resin). |
| Dipterocarpaceae |
Vateria indica |
Peninsular India, from Kanara to Trivandrum and in Coorg. |
White Damar, Indian Copal-Tree, Malabar Tallow tree, Piney Varnish-Tree. |
Sarja, Sarjaka, Karsya, Sasyasumbara, Devdhuupa |
Raal. |
Kungiliyam, Vellai Kundarakam. |
| Droseraceae |
Drosera peltata |
Throughout India, |
Sundew. |
Brahma-suvarchalaa |
Mukhjali. |
| Ebenaceae |
cordifolia |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros ebenum |
Orissa and South India. |
Ebony Persimmon, Malabar Ebony, Ceylon Ebony. |
Tinduka. |
Aaabnuus. |
Acha-Thumbi. |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros embryopteris |
Throughout India in shady wet places and near streams. |
Gaub Persimmon, Riber Ebony. |
Tinduka, Tinduki, Sphu- urjaka, Kaalaskandha, Asitkaaraka. Nilasaara. |
Tendu. |
Tumbika, Kattatti. |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros kaki |
Native to China; now grown in Himachal Pradesh, Kumaon, the Nilgiris and West Bengal for edible fruits. |
Japanese Persimmon. |
Tinduka |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros melanoxylon |
Madhya Pradesh, Maha- rashtra, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh and West Peninsula. |
Coromandel Ebony, Persimmon. |
induka (var.), Dirgha- patrakaa. |
Karum Dumbi, Thumbi, Beedi-elai. |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros montana |
Throughout the greater part of India. |
Mountain persimmon |
Visha-tinduka, Kaaka- tinduka. |
Vakkanai, Vakkanatan. |
Timru |
| Ebenaceae |
Diospyros tomentosa |
Sub-Himalayan tract from Ravi to Nepal, also in Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Orrisa. |
Nepal Ebony Persimmon |
Viralaa, Tinduka (var.). |
Tumbi. |
Ebony. |
| Ebenaceae |
Maba nigrescens |
Gujarat. |
Ragat-Rohido (Gujarat), Rakta-Rohido. |
| Ehrethiaceae |
Ehretia buxifolia |
Common in dry scrub forests of the Deccan Peninsula. |
Kuruvingi, Kattuvet- tilai. |
Pala. |
| Ehretiaceae |
aspera |
| Ehretiaceae |
Ehretia laevis |
Throughout India, also grown along roadsides. |
Charmi-vrksha |
Addula. |
Chamror (Punjab). Kuptaa, Datarangi (Maharashtra.) |
| Elaeagnaceae |
Hippophae rhamnoides |
North-west Himalayas |
Seabuckthorn, Sand Thorn. |
Dhurchuk, Chumaa, Tarwaa (Uttar Pradesh), Sirmaa (Punjab, Ladakh). |
| Elaeocarpaceae |
Elaeocarpus ganitrus |
West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Western Ghats |
Utrasum Bead tree. |
Rudraaksha, Panch- mukhi. |
Rudraaksham |
| Elaeocarpaceae |
Elaeocarpus serratus |
Eastern Himalayas and Western Ghats |
Wild Olive tree, Ceylon Olive. |
Rudraaksha |
Uttraccham, Ulankarei. |
| Elaeocarpaceae |
Elaeocarpus tuberculatus |
Western Ghats from Kanara southwards. |
Rudraaksha |
Ruthracham, Pagumbar. |
Rudirak, Bhutali |
| Ephedraceae |
Ephedra gerardiana |
The drier regions of the temperate and alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim |
Ephedra |
Soma, Soma-valli |
Asmaaniyaa, Budaagur (Punjab); Tipat, Traani (Himalayan region). |
| Equisetaceae |
Equisetum arvense |
The Himalayas at high altitudes. |
Field Horsetail. |
Ashwa-puchha (non- classical). |
| Ericaceae |
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi |
Native to North America, Europe and Asia. |
Bearberry |
Inbud-dub, Angur-e-khiras, Reechh Daakh. |
| Ericaceae |
Gaultheria fragrantissima |
Central and Eastern Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Western Ghats, the Nilgiris and Travancore. |
Fragrant Wintergreen, Indian Wintergreen. |
Gandhapuura, Gandha- puurna. |
Kolakkaai. |
| Ericaceae |
Lyonia ovalifolia |
Outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, |
Angyaar (Garhwal), Arwan (Punjab), Angeri (Nepal). |
| Ericaceae |
Rhododendron anthopogon |
The alpine Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan |
Taalisri (Punjab), Taalish (Tibet), Tazaktsum, Taalis-faz (Kashmir). |
| Ericaceae |
Rhododendron arboreum |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, the Nilgiris, Khasi Hills and Travancore |
Tree-Rhododendron, Rose-Tree. |
Burans (Kumaon), Kurbak, Pullaas. |
| Ericaceae |
Rhododendron barbatum |
The Himalayas from Kumaon to Bhutan, extending to Assam. |
Giantblood Rhododen- dron. |
Chimal (Nepal), Kurbak, Guraans. |
| Ericaceae |
Rhododendron campanulatum |
Throughout the Himalayas |
Chimal (Kumaon, Nepal), Gagger vurmi, Nichnai (Kashmir). Cherailu, Taalis-far. |
| Ericaceae |
Rhododendron cinnabarinum |
Eastern Himalayas, extending into the Balipura tract and Aka hills of Assam |
Balu, Sanu, Chimal (Nepal). |
| Erythroxylaceae |
Erythroxylum coca |
Indigenus to Peru and Bolivia, introduced and experimentally cultivated in Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. |
Coca, Cocaine Plant |
Sivadari. |
| Erythroxylaceae |
Erythroxylum monogynum |
South India, |
Bastard Sandal, Red Cedar. |
Kattuchandanam |
Devadaram. |
Gandh-giri (Maharashtra). |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Acalypha ciliata |
Common in plains, as a weed in gardens; also in wastelands, especially in Bangalore and Pachmarhi. |
Kuppi |
Daadari |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Acalypha fruticosa |
Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. |
Birch-leaved Acalypha. |
Kuppaimeni. |
Chinnivara. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Acalypha indica |
Occurs throughout the plains of India, |
Indian Acalypha. |
Kuppi, Muktavarchaa, Haritamanjari |
Kuppaimeni. |
Khokli, Kuppi, Aamaabhaaji |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Aleurities moluccana |
Native to China; now mostly grown on the tea estates of Kangra Valley in Himachal Pradesh, and also in Assam and Bengal to provide shade for tea bushes. |
Candlenut tree. |
Akshota, Jangali Akharot. |
Naatuakrottu |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Baliospermum montanum |
The Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills, Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar and Peninsular India, |
Danti, Nikumbha, Udumbarparni, Erandphalaa, Shighraa, Pratyak-shreni, Vishaalya. Baliospermum calycinum Muell- Arg. is considered as Naagadanti. |
Neeradimuthu, Danti. |
Jangli Jamaalgotaa |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Breynia retusa |
The tropical Himalayas and Deccan peninsula. |
Bahuprajaa, Kaamboji |
Kaali Kamboi |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Bridelia montana |
The sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir eastwards to Assam, and in Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. |
Ekaviraa. |
Venge-maram. |
Gondni, Asaanaa (Maharash- tra). |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Bridelia retusa |
Throughout India |
Mahaaviraa, Asana |
Mulluvengai. |
Gondani, Gondui, Khaajaa |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Chrozophora plicata |
Throughout India except Jammu & Kashmir and north- eastern India as a weed. |
Suuryaavart. |
Nilakanthi. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Croton oblongifolius |
Central, Western and Southern India, also eastwards to Bengal. |
Naagadanti. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Croton tiglium |
Native to South-East Asia. Now cultivated in Assam, Bengal and South India. |
Purging Croton. |
Jayapaala, Dravanti, Dantibija, Tintidiphala. |
Habb-us-Salaateen, Jamaal- gotaa, Hubb-ul-Malook. |
Nervaalam. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Drypetes roxburghii |
Wild and cultivated throughout tropical India. |
Putrajivaka, Sutajva, Putrakamanjari. |
Karupali, Irukolli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Emblica officinalis |
Native to tropical Southeast Asia; distributed throughout India; also planted in public parks. |
Aaamalaki, Aaamalaka, Dhaatri, Kaayasthaa, Amoghaa, Amritaphala, Amla, Aaamalaa, Dhaatriphala, Vayasyaa, Vrshya, Shiva, Hattha. |
Aamalaa, Amlaj. |
Nellikkaai, Nelli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia antiquorum |
The warmer regions of India; often cultivated for hedges. |
Triangular Spurge. |
Snuhi (Substitute), Vajra-kantaka, Vajratundi |
Chathurakkali. |
Tridhaari, Tidhaaraa Sehunda. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia dracunculoides |
Throughout India in the plains and low hills. |
Saatalaa, Saptalaa, Sapralaa, Viduraa, Charmasaahvaa, Charmakashaa. |
Thuhar. |
Tillakada, Thusimul- lai. |
Titali. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia hirta |
Throughout warmer regions of India. |
Euphorbia, Australian Asthma Weed, Pill-bearing Spurge. |
Dudhi, Dudhikaa, Naagaarjuni, Vikshirini. |
Dudhi Khurd. |
Amman pachharisi |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia hypericifolia |
Throughout warmer regions of India, |
Dugdhikaa |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia neriifolia |
Grown as a field and boundary fence and as curious on rockeries in gardens. |
Holy Milk Hedge, Dog’s Tongue. |
Snuhi, Samant-dugdhaa, Sehunda, Singhtunda, Snuk, Gudaa, Sudhaa, Vajra, Vajjri, Vajjradram, Thuuhar. |
Ielaikkali, Perumbu- kalli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia nivulia |
Northern and central India, often planted in dry areas. |
Snuhi (substitute), Patra-Snuhi. |
Kalli, Naga-kalli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia pilosa |
Western Himalayas from Garhwal, westwards to Kashmir. |
Saatala, Saptalaa |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia resinifera |
Native to Morocco |
Farfiyuun, Afarbiyuun. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia royleana |
Western Himalaya from Kumaon to Nepal. |
Snuhi, Snuk, Sehunda, Gudaa |
Thuuhar |
Thor, Surai. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia thomsoniana |
Kashmir |
Hiyaavali, Svarnakshiri (also equated with Argemone mexicana L., Papaveraceae.), Kanchanakshiri, Pitadugdhaa, Katuparni. |
Hiravi (Kashmir). Titari (Himachal Pradesh). |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia thymifolia |
Smaller var., equated with E. thymifolia, is found in tropical plains and low hills of India, ascending to , m. Bigger var., E. pilulifera/E. hirta Linn. is found in warmer parts of India from Punjab eastwards, and southwards to Kanyakumari. |
Dudhi (smaller var.), Dugdhikaa, Naagaarjuni, Swaaduparni. |
Sittrapaladi. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Euphorbia tirucalli |
Native to Africa; nat- uralized in the warmer parts of India. |
Milk-Bush, Milk Hedge, In- dian tree Spurge, Aveloz, Petroleum Plant |
Saptalaa, Saatalaa. |
Tirukalli. |
Angulia-thuuhar. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Excoecaria agallocha |
The coastal and tidal forests of India. |
Blinding tree. |
Kampetti, Tillai, Agil, Ambala-vrksham. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Homonoia riparia |
The coastal and tidal forests of India. |
Blinding tree. |
Kampetti, Tillai, Agil, Ambala-vrksham. |
Gevaa, Huraa (Maharashtra), Gangawaa |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Hura crepitans |
Native to tropical America; introduced into India. |
Sandbox tree, Monkey Dinner-bell. |
Mullarasanam. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Jatropha curcas |
Native to tropical America. Now cultivated along with Cromandel Coast and in Travancore. |
Physic Nut, Purging Nut. |
Vyaaghrairanda (var.), Sthula-eranda, Kaanan-eranda. |
Kattu Amanaku. |
Bagharenda |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Jatropha glandulifera |
South India and Bengal. |
Vyaaghrairanda. |
Adalai, Eliya- manakku. |
Bagharenda, Jangali-erandi. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Jatropha gossypifolia |
Native to Brazil; cultivated as an ornamental. |
Tua-Tua. |
Rakta-Vyaaghrairanda. |
Stalai. |
Laal Bagharenda. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Jatropha multifida |
Native to South America. India |
Coral plant, Physic Nut. |
Brihat-Danti ( |
Danti |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Kirganelia reticulata |
All over India; also grown as a hedge plant. |
Kaamboji. |
Panjuli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Mallotus philippensis |
Throughout tropical regions of India. |
Kamala tree, Monkey Face tree. |
Kampillaka, Kampilla, Karkash, Raktaanga, Rechan, Chandra. |
Kamilla, Kambilaa. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Manihot esculenta |
Native to Brazil. Major crop in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. |
Manioc, Tapioca, Cassava |
Maravalli kizhangu, Ezhalai kizhangu. |
Tapioca. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Pedilanthus tithymaloides |
Native to West Indies; cultivated as an ornamental. |
Slipper Plant, Bird-Cactus. |
Vilaayati-sher (Maharashtra), Naagaphani, Naagadaman (Madhya Pradesh). |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus amarus |
Throughout the hotter parts of India, |
Bhuumyaamalaki, Bahu- patri, Bhuudhaatri, Bahuphalaa, Taamalaki. |
Bhui Aaamalaa. |
Keelkaay Nelli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus distichus |
Indian gardens. |
Country Gooseberry. |
Lavali-phala, Lowani Hariphala. |
Aranelli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus fraternus |
Throughout the hotter parts of India |
Bhuumyaamalaki, Bahu- patri, Bhuudhaatri, Bahuphalaa, Taamalaki. |
Bhui Aaamalaa |
Keelkaay Nelli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus maderaspatensis |
Throughout drier parts of India. |
Kanochaa, Isfahaan Marv |
Mela-nelli. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus niruri |
Native to America. |
Chanca Piedra. |
Bhuumyaamalaki, assigned to P. niruri, has now been equated with P. fraternus. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus simplex |
Throughout India. |
Bhumyaamalaki |
Mothi-bhuiaamvali |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Phyllanthus urinaria |
Throughout the plains of India from Punjab to Assam and Southward to Kerala |
Bhuumyaamataki (var.), Taamravalli. |
Senkeezhnelli. |
Laal-bhui-aamlaa, Hazaar- mani. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Ricinus communis |
Cultivated chiefly in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Orissa. |
Castor seed. |
Eranda, Chitra- bija, Triputi; Tribija, Vaataari, Chanchu, Manda, Uruvaka, Gandharva-hastaa, Panchaan, gula, Vardhamaana, Uttaanpatraka, Vyaaghrapuchha, Chitraa. |
Bedanjeer, Arand. |
Ammanakku. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Sapium indicum |
Moist parts of India, especially along sea-coasts and back waters. |
Pencolum. |
Hurnaa (Maharashtra). |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Sapium sebiferum |
Native to China; introduced at various elevations in northern India, chiefly on ravine lands in the foothills. Planted throughout India as ornament. |
Chinese Tallow tree. |
Tayapippali, Vilaayati Shisham, Mom-China. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Sauropus androgynus |
Sikkim, Khasi Hills and Western Ghats, and also grown in South India. |
Star Goose Berry. |
Thavasai Murungai. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Sebastiana chamaelea |
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Orissa and South India. |
Bhui-erendi. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Securinega suffruticosa |
Eastern Himalayas |
Vellaippula |
Dalme, Kodarsi, Pandharphali |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Tragia involucrata |
Outer Himalayan ranges eastwards to Assam; southwards to Travancore, throughout warmer regions of India. |
Indian Stinging-Nettle. |
Vrishchhikaali, Vrishchhika-patrikaa. Used in Kerala as Duraalabhaa. |
Chenthatti, Sirrukan- chori. |
| Euphorbiaceae |
Trewia nudiflora |
Throughout moist and hot parts of India. |
False White Teak, Gutel. |
Shriparni, Tumri, Pindaara. |
Attarasu, Nay Kumil |
| Euphoriaceae |
Putranjiva roxburghii |
Throughout tropical India, wild and cultivated as an avenue tree. |
Child-life tree, Indian Amulet Plant, Spurious Wild Olive |
Putranjiva, Putrajivaka, Putrajiva, Yashtipushpa, Arth- saadhana |
Karupali Garbhadaa and Garbhakaraa are misleading synonyms. |
Jiyaapotaa. |
| Fabaceae |
Astragalus candolleanus |
The western Himalayas |
Rudanti, Rudravanti. |
| Fabaceae |
Astragalus gummifer |
Highlands of Asia Minor, Iran, Greece, Syria and Russia. |
Tragacanth Gum. |
Katiraa, Kataad (Gum) |
| Fabaceae |
Astragalus hamosus |
Found in the plains of Punjab. |
Tonkin bean, Melilot, King’s crown, King’s clover. |
Naakhunaa, Ikil-ul-Malik. |
| Fabaceae |
Astragalus sarcocola |
The mountainous regions from Asia Minor to Iraq and Iran. |
Sarcocola. |
Rudanti |
Anzaroot, Kohal Kirmaani |
| Fabaceae |
Astragalus strobiliferus |
The western Himalayas |
Indian Gum tragacanth. |
| Fabaceae |
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba |
Cultivated throughout India, particularly in Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. |
Cluster bean, Guar. |
Kshudra Shimbi, Gorakshaphalini, Guaar, Gwaalin. |
Guaar phali. |
Kothaveray. |
| Fabaceae |
Derris indica |
Native to the Western Ghats. Found all over India on the banks of rivers and streams. |
Indian Beech. Pongamia oil tree. |
Naktmaal, Guchpush- pak, Ghritpuur, Udkirya, Karanja |
Pungu. |
| Fabaceae |
Derris uliginosa |
Costal forests of India and the Andamans. |
Paan-lataa (Bengal), Kitani (Maharashtra). |
| Fabaceae |
Desmodium triflorum |
Throughout India, |
Tripaadi, Hamsapaadi (Kerala). |
Seruppadi. |
Jangali Methi, Ran-methi. |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera arrecta |
Cultivated in Assam, Bihar and in parts of Uttar Pradesh. |
Natal Indigo, Java Indigo, Bengal Indigo. |
Nili ( |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera articulata |
Bihar and Western and Peninsular India. |
Egyptian Indigo, Arabian Indigo, Wild Indigo, Surat Indigo. |
Nili |
Aaramuri, Irup- pumuri, Kattavuri. |
Surmai Nila. |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera aspalathoides |
Plains of Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu |
Wiry Indigo. |
Nili |
Sivanaarvembu, Iraivanvembu. |
Shivanimba |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera enneaphylla |
The Himalayas |
Trailing indigo. |
Vaasukaa. |
Cheppunerinjil. |
Hanumaan-buuti, Bhui-nila. |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera oblongifolia |
Throughout greater parts of India. |
Wild Indigo, Mysore Panicled Indigo. |
Bana-Nila, Dill, Jhill. |
Vasmaa |
Kattukkarchamathi. |
Jhil (Gujarat). |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera pulchella |
The hills in India. |
Nili |
Nirinji |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera tinctoria |
Cultivated in many parts of India. |
Indigo. |
Nilikaa, Nilaa, Nila, Nili, Nilini, Nilapushpa, Ranjani, Shaaradi, Tutthaa. |
Habb-ul-Neel. |
Nili, Averi, Asidai, Attipurashadam. |
| Fabaceae |
Indigofera trifoliata |
Throughout greater parts of India. |
Vana-methi. |
| Fabaceae |
Melilotus alba |
Native to Europe and Asia; grown in North India. |
White Sweet Clover. |
Ilkil-ul-Malik, Naakhunaa |
| Fabaceae |
Melilotus officinalis |
Ladakh, |
Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilot |
Iklil-ul-Malik, Asaab-ul- Malik, Naakhunaa. |
| Fabaceae |
Millettia auriculata |
Sub-Himalayan tract and outer Himalaya |
Godaar (Bihar) |
| Fabaceae |
Millettia racemosa |
Deccan Peninsula. |
Godaar |
| Fabaceae |
Phaseolus lunatus |
Native to tropical America; cultivated throughout India. |
Double Bean, Lima Bean, Burma Bean. |
Shimbi |
Lobiyaa, Sem. |
| Fabaceae |
Phaseolus vulgaris |
Kidney Bean, French Bean, Haricot Bean. |
Raajmah (seed), Lobia, Frashbean. |
| Fabaceae |
Pterocarpus dalbergioides |
The Andamans, sparingly cultivated in West Bengal. |
Andaman Padauk, Andaman Redwood. |
Rakta-chandana |
Vengai (Tamil), Yerravegisa (Telugu). |
Chalangada |
| Fabaceae |
Robinia pseudoacacia |
Western Himalayas and Jammu & Kashmir. |
Locust tree, False Acacia, Robinia, Black Locust. |
| Fagaceae |
Castanea sativa |
Darjeeling, Khasi Hills, Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. |
Spanish Chestnut, Sweet Chestnut. |
Singhaaraa (not to be confused with water-chestnut |
| Fagaceae |
Fagus sylvatica |
Cooler regions of northern hemisphere. Distributed in Kulu and the Nilgiris. |
European Beech, Common Beech. |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus ilex |
The Himalayas, from the Sutlej valley westwards and in Kashmir |
Holly or Holm Oak |
Maayaaphala |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus incana |
Kashmir and Western Himalayas |
Grey Oak. |
Baloot. |
Shilaa Supaari (Kash- mir), Phanat (Garhwal), Shiddar (Kashmir). |
| Fagaceae |
Quercus infectoria |
Indigenous to Greece, Syria and Iran. Yields oak galls. |
Oak galls, Aleppo galls, Mecca galls. |
Maajuphalaka, Maayaaphala, Maayakku. |
Maazu. Maaphal. |
Maasikkaai. |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Flacourita indica |
Cultivated in Assam, Maharashtra and Bengal. |
Ramontchi, Madagascar Plum, Mauritius Plum, Governor’s Plum. |
Vikankata, Yajnya- vrksha, Gopakantaa, Sruva-vrksha. |
Sottai-kala, Katukala. |
Poniol (Assam), Kataaya, Kakaiyaa. |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Flacourtia jangomas |
Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Eastern Ghats. |
Puneala Plum. |
Praachinaamalaka, Paaniyaamalaka. (Taalispatri (Hin- di), Taalispatra (Gujarati), Taalisam (Malyalaam), Taalispatramu (Tel- ugu) are confusing synonyms of Paaniyaamalaka.) |
Taalisfar, Nabaq Hindi, Zarnab. In National Formulary of Unani Medicine, Zarnab, synonym Telispattar, is equated with F. catapracta, also with Cinnamonum tamala Nees. (Zarnab is also equated with Salix aegyptiaca Sprengel and Taalisfar with Rhododendron anthapogon D. Don or R. lipidotum by Unani scholars.) |
Saralu, Vayangarai |
Paniyaalaa (Bihar). |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Flacourtia sepiaria |
Kumaon and n the dry forests of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and South India. |
Vikankata (related species), Kinkini (provisional classical synonym). |
Kondai, Kondari. |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Gynocardia odorata |
Eastern Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Sikkim. |
Chaalmograa (substi- tute). Tuvaraka (var.) (Controver- sial synonyms.) |
Tukhm-e-Biranj Mograa |
Chaaval-mungari |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Hydnocarpus kurzii |
Assam and Tripura. |
Chalmogra. |
Tuvaraka |
Chaalmograa, Tukhm-e- Biranj Mograa. |
Niradi-muttu. |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Hydnocarpus laurifolia |
Western Ghats. |
Soorty Oil tree. |
Tuvaraka, Katu- Kapittha, Kushtavairi, Garudaphala, Chaalmograa. |
Chaalmograa, Tukhm-e- Biranj Mograa. |
Maravattai, Niradi- muttu. |
| Flacourtiaceae |
Xylosma longifolium |
Shady ravines of the Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon |
Sallu (Kumaon), Sailu (Himachal Pradesh, North India), Dandal (North India), Katahaar (Assam). |
| Fucaceae. ( Laminaria sp.) |
Fucus vesiculosus |
On the shores of the United Kingdom, North Atlantic Ocean, North Pacific Coast |
Bladderwrack, Black Tang, Rockweed, Kelp. |
| Fumariaceae |
Fumaria officinalis |
Native to Europe and North America. Found at high altitudes in Nilgiris and Salem |
Fumitory. |
Parpata |
| Fumariaceae |
Fumaria parviflora |
At high altitudes in Tamil Nadu |
Fumitory. |
Parpata, Parpata- ka, Varatikta, Renu, Kavacha, Sukshmapatra. |
Shaahtaraa. |
Thura |
Pittapaaparaa. |
| Fumariaceae |
Fumaria vaillantii |
Throughout India on the hills. |
Parpata. |
Shaahtaraa. |
Pittapaaparaa. |
| Gelidaceae |
Gelidium amansii |
Indigenous to Japan. |
Agar Agar, Japanese Isinglass. |
Agar-Agar. |
| Gentianaceae |
Canscora decussata |
Throughout India, |
Daakuni |
Sankhaahuli. |
Daankuni. |
| Gentianaceae |
Enicostemma littorale |
Throughout India, from Punjab and Gangetic Plain to Kanyakumari |
Indian Gentian. |
Naagjhvaa, Maamajjaka, Naahi, Tikshnapatra. |
Naai, Naahi. |
Vellargu |
Chhotaa Chirayataa |
| Gentianaceae |
Erythraea roxburghii |
Sub-tropical and temperate regions. |
Kiraat-tikta (related species), Yavatiktaa ( |
Khet-chiraayataa. |
| Gentianaceae |
Exacum bicolor |
Upper Gangetic plains and tropical Himalaya, also in South India. |
Ava-chiraayataa |
Titakhana, Uudakiraayita |
| Gentianaceae |
Gentiana kurroo |
Kashmir and North-West Himalayas. |
Himalayan Gentian, Indian Gentian Root |
Traayamaana, Traayanti, Traayanta, Traayantikaa, Neelkan- thi, Anujaa, Girijaa, Girishaanujaa, |
Ghaafis. |
| Gentianaceae |
Menyanthes trifoliata |
Native to Britain and Europe; found in Kashmir. |
Bogbean, Buckbean, Goat’s bean, Marsh Trefoil. |
Buckbean. |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia affinis |
Sub-tropical Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan, the Khasi and Lushai Hills, |
Kiraatatikta |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia angustifolia |
Sub-tropical Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan. |
Kiraata |
Pahaari Kiretta, Mithaa (sweet) Kiryaat. |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia chirayita |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and in Khasi Hills. |
Chiretta. |
Kiraata, Kairaata, Kiraataka, Kandatikta, Kiraatatikta, Kiraatatiktaka, Katutikta, Trin- nimba, Bhuunimba, Aranyatikta, Raamasenaka. |
Chiraitaa. |
Nilavembu. |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia ciliata |
From Konkan to Kerala |
Shailaja, Kiraatatikta |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia densifolia |
From Konkan to Kerala |
Shailaja, Kiraatatikta |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia lawii |
Western Ghats from Maharashtra to South Kanara |
Kiraatatikta |
| Gentianaceae |
Swertia paniculata |
The Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan and in Lushai |
| Geraniaceae |
Geranium nepalense |
Temperate Himalayas, Kashmir, Khasi Hills and the Nilgiris. |
Nepal Geranium, Nepalese Crane’s Bill. |
Bhanda, Bhandaa. |
Ratanjot (var.), Roel (Kash- mir). |
| Geraniaceae |
Geranium robertianum |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal |
Herb-Robert Geranium. |
| Geraniaceae |
Geranium wallichianum |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon |
Wallich Crane’s Bill. |
Ratanjot |
Laal Jadi, Laal Jahri. Kaoashund (Kashmir). |
| Geraniaceae |
Pelargonium graveolens |
Introduced into India in the Shevroy hills of Tamil Nadu; cultivated largely in the Nilgiri and Palni hills of Tamil Nadu. |
Geranium. |
| Gesneriaceae |
Didymocarpus pedicellata |
Sub-tropical Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Aruna- chal Pradesh |
Kshudra-Paashaana- bheda, Shilaa-valkaa, Shilaa- pushpa. |
| Ginkgoaceae |
Ginkgo biloba |
Native to China and Japan; cultivated in Indian gardens as an ornamental. |
Maidenhair tree called Living Fossils (in India), Kew tree. |
| Gnetaceae |
Gnetum montanum |
Tropical Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan, Assam and Meghalaya. |
Joint Fir. |
Anapendu, Peiodal |
| Goodeniaceae |
Scaevola frutescens |
Sea coasts all around India and in the Andaman Islands. |
Fan Flower, Malay Rice Paper Plant. |
Vella-muttangam. |
Bhadraka, Bhadraaksha |
| Gramineae |
Agropyron repens |
The western Himalayas and Kashmir |
Couch grass, dog grass, wheat grass. |
| Gramineae |
Arundo donax |
Native to Mediterranean region; found in Kashmir, Assam and the Nilgiris, also grown in hedges. |
Great Reed, Spanish- Bamboo-Reed, Giant-Bamboo- Reed |
Nala, Potgala, Shuunya- madhya, Dhamana. |
Korukkai. |
| Gramineae |
Avena sativa |
A cereal and fodder crop of Europe and America; also cultivated in India. |
Oat, Common oat. |
Yavikaa. |
Sult (Silt), Jao Birahnaa, Jao Gandum. |
| Gramineae |
Bambusa bambos |
Wild throughout India, especially in the hill forests of Western and Southern India. |
Spiny or Thorny Bamboo. |
Vansha, Venu, Kichaka, Trinadhwaj, Shatparvaa, Yavphala. Vanshalochana, Vansharochanaa, Shubhaa, tugaa, Tugaakshiri, Tvak- kshiri (Bamboo-manna). |
Qasab, Tabaashir |
Moongil; Moongilup- pu, |
| Gramineae |
Coix lacryma-jobi |
Warm and damp areas |
Job’s Tears. |
Gavedhukaa. |
Kaatu Kunthumani. |
| Gramineae |
Cynodon dactylon |
Throughout India |
Bermuda Grass, Bahama Grass, Couch Grass. |
Duurvaa, Bhaargavi, Shatvalli, Shatparvaa, Tiktaparvaa, Shatviryaa, Sahastravirya, Shitaa, Anantaa, Golomi. |
Duub |
Arugampallu. |
| Gramineae |
Dactyloctenium aegyptium |
Common throughout the plains of India ( |
Takraa, Takraahvaa, Panchaanguli, Nrityakaundaka. (Classical synonyms.) (Takra is the classical name of buttermilk.) |
Makaraa, Makari (Bihar, Orissa), Timidaa (Tamil Nadu) |
| Gramineae |
Desmostachya bipinnata |
Throughout the plains of India in dry and hot areas and in sandy deserts. |
Sacrificial Grass |
Kusha, Suuchyagra, Yagyabhuushana, Kshurapatra. |
Tharubai. |
| Gramineae |
Echinochloa colonum |
Cultivated in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Andhra Pradesh. |
Shama millet |
Varaka. |
Karumpul, Varsanam- pillu. |
Jangali sawuk, Shamaa, Saanvaa. |
| Gramineae |
Echinochloa crus-galli |
Cultivated mainly in Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh. |
Barnyard Millet. |
Ambah Shyaamaaka. |
Oathupul. |
Samak. |
| Gramineae |
Echinochloa frumentacea |
Cultivated mainly in Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh |
Japanese Barnyard Millet |
Shyaamaaka |
Kudrraivali pillu |
Shamaa, Saanvaa. |
| Gramineae |
Eleusine coracana |
A grain crop of Karnataka; also grown on large scale in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Finger Millet, African millet, Ragi. |
Madhuuli, Markata- hasta-trna. |
Ragi, Kezhvaregu. |
| Gramineae |
Eleusine indica |
Australia, North America; throughout the warmer parts of the world. In India, in wet plains and low hills and pasture grounds. |
Crowfoot Grass, Crab Grass. |
Nandimukha |
Nandiaa (Orissa), Mahaar Naachni (Maharashtra), Thippa Ragi (Tamil Nadu). |
| Gramineae |
Eulaliopsis binata |
Many parts of North India. |
Baib grass, Sabai grass. |
Balvaja |
Bhaabar |
| Gramineae |
Hordeum vulgare |
Cultivated as food crop in Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. |
Barley |
Yava, Hayeshtha, Hayapriya, Shuka-dhaanya, Tiksh- nashuka. |
Barley, Jao Shaeer. |
Yavam. Saambaluppu |
| Gramineae |
Imperata cylindrica |
The hotter parts of India, both in plains and hills |
Thatch Grass. |
Darbha, Suuchyagra, Yagnika, Yagyabhuushana, Bahir. |
Dharba. |
Daabh |
| Gramineae |
Lolium temulentum |
The Western Himalayas, Punjab and Upper Gangetic Plain. |
Darnel, Taumelloolch. |
Mochani. |
Mostaki, Visha-ghaasa |
| Gramineae |
Oryza sativa |
Cultivated all over India as a food crop. |
Rice. |
Shaali, Vrihidhaanya, Tandula, Nivara. |
Biranj Saathi. |
Nell. |
| Gramineae |
Paspalum scrobiculatum |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Kodo millet. |
Kodrava, Korduusha. |
Varagu. |
Kodo. |
| Gramineae |
Phragmites communis |
The Himalayas, from Kashmir to Kumaon |
Common Reed. |
Dila, Dambu (Punjab). |
| Gramineae |
Phragmites karka |
Throughout India, in marshy places. |
Common Reed-grass. |
Nala. |
Perunanal. |
Perunanal. |
| Gramineae |
Saccharum munja |
Throughout the plains and low hills of India. |
Munja, Bhadramuja, Vaana, Shara, Sara, Raamshara. |
Munjipul, Munjap- pullu. |
Sarpata |
| Gramineae |
Saccharum officinarum |
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab. |
Sugarcane, Noble Cane |
Ikshu, Dirgha-chhada, Bhuurirasa, Morata, Asipatra, Madhutrna, Gudamuula, Trnarasa. |
Gannaa, Naishakar |
Karumbu, Nanal |
| Gramineae |
Saccharum spontaneum |
Throughout India. |
Thatch Grass. |
Kaasha, Kandekshu, Shvetachaamara. |
Naanal, Pai Karumbu. |
| Gramineae |
Schizachyrium exile |
Bihar, Assam, Bengal and Tamil Nadu. |
Sprkaa, Sprk. |
| Gramineae |
Setaria italica |
Cultivated in Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. |
Italian Millet, Fox-tail Millet. |
Kangu, Kanguni, Kangunikaa, Priyangu Dhaanya (Millet). (Priyangu, aromatic flower buds or seed kernels, is a different drug. Callicarpa macrophylla and Prunus mahaleb are equated with Priyangu.) |
Tenai |
| Gramineae |
Sorghum vulgare |
Cultivated throughout warmer parts of India. |
Sorghum, Broomcorn. |
Yaava-naala. |
Makkaseelam |
Jowaar, Paneraa. |
| Gramineae |
Themeda arundinacea |
The Himalayas and plains of India. |
Ulla Grass. Karad grass is equated with T. quadrivalvis (L.) Kuntze. |
Sarkharaa, Kapoor Ghass. |
| Gramineae |
Thysanolaena agrostis |
Cultivated in gardens. |
Bouquet-Grass, Broom- Grass, Tiger-Grass, Amliso. |
Juurnaa, Juurnaahv |
Junaar, Pirlu. |
| Gramineae |
Triticum aestivum |
Cultivated as a food crop mainly in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh., Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Rajasthan. |
Wheat. |
Godhuuma. |
Gehun. |
| Gramineae |
Vetiveria zizaniodes |
A perennial grass, cultivated chiefly in Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh., Punjab and the West Coast. |
Vetiver, Khas. |
Ushira, Bahu-muulaka, Sugandhimuula, Jataamedaa, Indragupta, Nalada, Laamajjaka, Sevya, Samagandhaka, Jalavaasa, Virana, Aadhya. |
Cuscus, Khas |
Vettiver, Vilamichaver |
| Gramineae |
Zea mays |
Native to South America. Grown as a food crop mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir. |
Maize, Corn, Indian Corn |
Mahaa-Kaaya. |
Makkaa, Zurraa Makkaa. |
| Gramineae |
Zizania caduciflora |
North-east India |
Zizania. |
| Grossulariaceae |
Ribes nigrum |
Cold temperate regions extending from Himalayas to northern Asia and Europe. |
European Black Currant. |
Nabar. |
| Guttiferae |
Calophyllum apetalum |
The evergreen forests of Western Ghats |
Shirupinnai. |
| Guttiferae |
Calophyllum inophyllum |
Coastal regions, particular- ly Orissa, Karnataka, Maharashtra and the Andamans. Also cultivated as an ornamental tree. |
Indian Laurel, Alexandrian Laurel. |
Punnaaga, Tunga, Sultaan champaa, Naagchampaa, Raajchampaa. |
Punnai, Punnagam. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia cambogia |
Western Ghats and Nilgiris. |
Gamboge tree. |
Vrkshaamla (allied species), Kokam |
Kodakkapuli. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia cowa |
Tropical forests of Assam, Bengal, Orissa and the Andamans. |
Paaraavata, Kowaa. |
Kaphal (Nepal), Kujithekera (Assam). |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia hanburyi |
Evergreen forests of Assam and Khasi Hills. |
Siam Gamboge. |
Kankushtha; Kaalakushtha, Tamaala. |
Usaar-e-revand. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia indica |
Evergreen forests of Western Ghats from Konkan southwards and in Goa. Also cultivated in southern districts of Maharashtra and on lower slopes of Nilgiris. |
Vrkshaamla, Tintidika, Chukra, Amlavrkshak, Kokam, Amsula. |
Murgal. |
Kokam Butter tree, Mangosteen Oil tree. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia mangostana |
Native to Malaysia. Now cultivated mainly on lower slopes of the Nilgiris. |
Mangosteen, Dodol. |
Sulambuli, Mangusta. |
Mangustaan. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia morella |
Throughout southern India, |
Indian Gamboge |
Kankushtha, Tamaal, Taapichha, Ushaare-revand |
Iravakhinni. |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia pedunculata |
Forests of northeast Bengal, sporadic in NEFA, Manipur and upper Assam |
Amlavetasa. Vetasaamla |
Thaikala (Bengal). |
| Guttiferae |
Garcinia xanthochymus |
The lower hill forests of Eastern Himalayas, Peninsular India, Orissa, Maharashtra and the Andamans. |
Egg tree. |
Tamaal (var.), Vrk- shaamla (var.). |
Kulavi, Malaippachai, Mukki, Tamalam |
Amsul |
| Guttiferae |
Mesua ferrea |
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, West Bengal, Western Ghats Travancore and the Andaman Islands. |
Iron-wood, Mesu. |
Naagakeshara, Naa- gapushpa, Chaampeya, Naaga, Naagakinjalika, Ahipushpa |
Naarmushk. |
Sirunagappo, Nagakesaram. |
| Guttiferae |
Ochrocarpus longifolius |
Evergreen forests of Western India from Khandala southwards to Malabar and Coim- batore. |
Surapunnaaga |
Nagappu, Nagesarpu. |
Laal-Naagakeshar. |
| Hippocastanaceae |
Aesculus hippocastanum |
Endemic to the mountains of Balkan Peninsula and western Asia. Introduced into India; occa- sionally grown as an ornamental tree. |
Horse Chestnut tree. |
Baloot. |
Pu. |
| Hippocrateacea |
Salacia reticulata |
Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala. |
Ekanyakam, Koranti (Kerala, South India), Anukudu-chettu (Andhra Pradesh) |
| Hippocrateaceae |
Salacia chinensis |
A large, climbing shrub or small tree occurring throughout India, including the Andaman Islands. |
Saptrangi. |
Saptachakraa, Swarn- muula, Saptarangi. |
Ingali (Maharashtra), Modhuphal (Bengal), Cherukuranti (Kerala). |
| Hippocrateaceae |
Salacia macrosperma |
The Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards. |
Lendaphala (Maharashtra), Anakoranti (Kerala). |
| Hippocrateaceae |
Salacia oblonga |
Rain forests of Western Ghats from Konkan to Kerala. |
Chundan (Tamil Nadu), Ponkoranti (Kerala). |
| Hydrocharitaceae |
Vallisneria spiralis |
Hydrophyte; throughout India. |
Eel-Grass, Tape Grass, Wild Celery. |
Shaivala, Shaivaala. (Ceratophyllum demersum Linn. is also equated with Shaivala.) |
Sevaar. |
| Hydrophyllaceae |
Hydrolea zeylanica |
Throughout India, in moist and swampy places. |
Wrongly equated with Laangali. (Laangali is equated with Gloriosa superba Linn.) Known as Ish-languulia (West Bengal). |
| Hydrophyllaceae |
Wigandia caracasana |
Wigandia caracasana |
| Hypericaceae |
Hypericum perforatum |
Temperate Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Shimla |
Common St. John’s wort. |
Heufaariqoon, Bassant, Balsaan. |
| Hypocreaceae |
Claviceps purpurea |
A fungous parasite on number of grasses particularly in rye, cultivated in the Nilgiris and at Chakrohi farm in Jammu. |
Ergot of Rye. Fungus of Rye. |
Annamaya, Sraavikaa. |
Argot. |
Ergot. |
| Icacinaceae |
Sarcostigma kleinii |
The Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards. |
Ingudi. (Balanites aegyptiaca is also equated with Ingudi.) |
Odal (Tamil). |
| Illecebraceae |
Herniaria glabra |
Throughout Europe. Introduced into Indian gardens. |
Rupture-Wort. |
| Iridaceae |
Belamcanda chinensis |
Introduced from China; cultivated all over India |
Surajkaanti (Assam), Dasbaha, Dasbichandi (Bengal). |
| Iridaceae |
Crocus sativus |
Cultivated in Kashmir |
Saffron, Crocus. |
Kumkuma, Rudhira, Vadrika, Kaashmira, Kaashmiraka, Vaalhika, Agnishikhaa, Ghrusrrn, Rakta, Kshataja. Keshara |
Zaafraan. |
Kumgumappoo |
| Iridaceae |
Iris ensata |
Temperate Northwestern |
Paarseeka Vachaa, Haimavati, Shveta Vachaa, Baal- bach |
Irsaa, Sosan, Iris. |
Marjal, Unarjal (Kashmir |
| Iridaceae |
Iris germanica |
Native of Italy and Morocco; cultivated in Kashmir, also found run wild on graves. |
Orris, Iridis Rhizome, German Iris. |
Paarseeka Vachaa, Haimavati, Shveta Vachaa (also considered as Pushkarmuula), Baal-bach |
| Iridaceae |
Iris kemaonensis |
The Himalayas from Garhwal to Arunachal Pradesh |
Karkar, Tezma (Punjab). |
| Iridaceae |
Iris nepalensis |
Temperate Himalaya and in Khasi Hills. |
Paarseeka Vachaa. |
Sosan, Shoti, Chalnundar, Chiluchi. |
| Iridaceae |
Iris pseudacorus |
On river banks, by the side of lakes, ponds. Native to Great Britain. |
Yellow Flag. |
Paashaanabheda (Gujarat). |
| Iridaceae |
Iris versicolour |
In swamps. Native to America and Canada. |
Blue Flag Root, Liver Lily. |
Haimavati Vachaa. |
| Juglandaceae |
Juglans regia |
Native to Iran; now cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh., Khasi Hills and the hills of Uttar Pradesh. |
Walnut tree. |
Akshoda, Akshoda- ka, Akshota, Shailbhava, Pilu, Karparaal, Vrantphala. |
Akhrot. |
Akrottu. |
| Juncaceae |
Juncus effusus |
Eastern Himalayas and Khasi Hills. |
Rush, Matting Rush. |
| Krameriaceae |
Krameria triandra |
Peru, Bolivia. Reported to be imported into India. |
Peruvian Rhatany, Krameria. |
| Labiatae |
Anisochilus carnosus |
The western Himalayas, Central and southern India. |
Karpuravalli (southern region). |
| Labiatae |
Anisomeles malabarica |
The western Ghats from Maharashtra to Karnataka; Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Malabar Catmint. |
Sprikkaa. |
Irattaipeyameratti. |
| Labiatae |
Brunella vulgaris |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan |
Self-heal. |
Substitute for Ustukhudduus. |
Dhaaru. |
| Labiatae |
Elsholtzia cristata |
The Himalayas and Assam |
Ajagandhaa |
Ban-Tulasi, Bovai, Phoot- Kanda. |
| Labiatae |
glabratus |
Orissa, Gujarat, South India, |
Prataanikaa |
Tulasi (var.), Kattu-thrithava (Kerala). |
| Labiatae |
Hyptis suaveolens |
Native to tropical America.Distributed throughout India. |
Tumbaaka |
Gangaa Tulasi, Vilaayati Tulasi, Bhunsari. |
| Labiatae |
Hyssopus officinalis |
Native to Europe and temperate Asia. Occurs in West Himalyas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Hyssop. |
Dayaa-kunji. (Nepeta longibractea is also equated with Zuufaa, Dayaa-kunji.) |
Zuufaa, Zuufaa Yaabis. |
Diyaanku (Laddakh). |
| Labiatae |
Lallemantia royleana |
Plain and hills of Kumaon and Punjab, extending westwards to Afghanistan. Imported into India from Persia. |
Baalango, Tukhm-e- Baalango. |
Tuut-malangaa. |
| Labiatae |
Laminum amplexicaule |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, Sikkim and Assam. |
Titpaati (Garhwal), Jipachi (Tibbet). |
| Labiatae |
Lamium album |
West Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
White Dead Nettle, Archangel. |
| Labiatae |
Lavandula angustifolia |
Native to Mediterranean region; cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir. |
Lavender. |
| Labiatae |
Lavandula bipinnata |
Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Decan and Konkan southwards to Kerala. |
Wild Lavender |
Shankhapushpi ( |
| Labiatae |
Leonotis nepetaefolia |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Granthiparni, Kaaka- puchha. |
Gathivan, Deepamaal (Maharashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Leonurus cardiaca |
Native to Europe; also distributed in Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Common Motherwort, Lion’s Tail. |
Baranjaasif. |
| Labiatae |
Leucas aspera |
Throughout India in cultivated fields, wastelands, roadsides. |
White Dead Nettle. |
Dronpushpi, Phalepush- paa, Kutambaka. |
Thumbai. |
Guumaa, Halkusa (smaller var.), Tumbaa. |
| Labiatae |
Leucas cephalotes |
Throughout the greater part of India, |
Dronpushpi, Katumbaa. |
Tumbai. |
Guumaa, Dhurpi saaga, Halkusa (bigger var.), Tumbaa. |
| Labiatae |
Leucas lavandulaefolia |
Dronpushpi ( |
Tumbaa, Guumaa. |
| Labiatae |
Leucas martinicensis |
Bihar and South India |
Guumaa |
| Labiatae |
Lycopus europaeus |
Western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir, and Himachal Pradesh. |
Gipsywort, Bugleweed |
Gandam-gundu, Jalneem. |
| Labiatae |
Marrubium vulgare |
Native to Europe and Central Asia; also found in Kashmir. |
Horehound. |
Faraasiyun |
| Labiatae |
Mentha aquatica |
Cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Water Mint, Wild Mint. |
Pudinaa Nahari. |
| Labiatae |
Mentha arvensis |
Cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir. |
Japanese Mint |
Naanaa. |
| Labiatae |
Mentha longifolia |
Native to Europe and Asia; cultivated in Kashmir, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. |
English Horsemint. |
Pudinaa-Barri, Jangali Pudinaa. |
| Labiatae |
Mentha piperata |
Native to Europe; cultivated in Maharashtra, Kashmir and Punjab. |
Peppermint, Brandy Mint |
Vilaayati Pudinaa. |
| Labiatae |
Mentha spicata |
Cultivated in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Spearmint, Garden Mint. |
Pudinaa, Podinaka, Puutihaa, Rochini. |
Nanaa. Pudinaa Kohi |
| Labiatae |
Nepeta cataria |
Cultivated in Britain and the USA. |
Catnip, Catnep, Catmint |
| Labiatae |
Nepeta hindostana |
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and South India |
Baadranjboyaa, Billilotan. Also equated with Melissa officinalis. |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum basilicum |
Lower hills of Punjab; cultivated throughout India. |
Sweet Basil, Basil Herb. |
Barbari, Tuvari, Tungi, Kharpushpa, Ajgandhikaa, Baabui Tulasi. |
Faranjmishk. |
Tiruneetruppachhilai |
Bana-Tulasi. Sabzaa (Maha- rashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum canum |
Plains and lower hills of India. |
Hoary Basil. |
Kaali Tulasi, Vana-Tulasi. |
Ganjamkorai, Nai-Tulasi. |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum gratissimum |
Throughout India. |
Shrubby Basil. |
Vriddha Tulasi, Raam- Tulasi, Raan-Tulasi. |
Elumicha-Tulasi, Peria- Tulasi. |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum kilimandscharicum |
Native of Kenya. Cultivated on a small scale in West Bengal, Assam, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Dehr Dun. |
Camphor Basil. |
Karpura Tulasi. |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum sanctum |
Throughout India; grown in houses, gardens and temples. |
Holy Basil, Sacred Basil. |
Tulasi, Surasaa, Surasa, Bhuutaghni, Suravalli, Sulabhaa, Manjarikaa, Bahumanjari, Deva-dundubhi, Apet-raakshasi, Shuu- laghni, Graamya, Sulabhaa. |
Tulasi. |
Tulasi, Nalla-Tulasi. |
| Labiatae |
Ocimum viride |
Native to Africa; intro- duced into India. |
Fever plant of Sierra Leone. |
Taap-maari Tulasi (Maha- rashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Origanum majorana |
Native to Europe and Great Britain. |
Sweet Marjoram. |
Sukhaatmaka, Maruba- ka, Phanijjaka. ( |
Marzanjosh. |
Maruae. Santhraa. Jangali Maruaa |
| Labiatae |
Orthosiphon grandiflorus |
Manipur, Naga and Lushai hills, Chota Nagpur, Western Ghats |
Kidney Tea Plant, Java Tea. |
Mutri-Tulasi (Maharashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Orthosiphon tomentosus |
Orissa, Gujarat, South India |
Prataanikaa |
Tulasi (var.), Kattu-thrithava (Kerala). |
| Labiatae |
Perilla frutescens |
Throughout the Himalayas |
Perilla, Wild Coleus. |
Bhanjeer, Ban-tulasi, Ban- jiraa, Bhasindi. |
| Labiatae |
piperascens |
| Labiatae |
Plectranthus mollis |
Temperate Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim and in Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Western Ghats. |
Laal-Aghaadaa (Maharashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Pogostemon benghalensis |
Throughout greater part of India. |
Ishwar-jataa. Jui-lataa (Bihar, Bengal). Phaangalaa (Maharashtra). |
| Labiatae |
Pogostemon cablin |
Native to the Philippines; introduced in India. |
Patchouli. |
Paachi. |
Paanari. |
| Labiatae |
Pogostemon parviflorus |
Hills of South-western India, |
Phaangalaa |
| Labiatae |
Pogostemon patchoulis |
Western Ghats of Karnataka, Kerala and the Nilgiri |
Patchouli |
Paachi, Pancholi. |
Kadir Pachai. |
Paanch (Maharashtra), Sugandhi Paanadi (Gujarat). |
| Labiatae |
Rosmarinus officinalis |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region, cultivated in Nilgiri Hills. |
Rosemary. |
Rusmari. |
| Labiatae |
Salvia aegyptiaca |
Arid areas from Delhi westwards in Punjab and Rajasthan, and southwards in Gujarat and Maharashtra. |
Tukhm-Malangaa. |
| Labiatae |
Salvia coccinea |
Cultivated in Indian garden |
Red Sage, Texas Sage |
Samudrashosha |
| Labiatae |
Salvia haematodes |
Cultivated in Indian gardens |
Blood-veined Sage. |
Behman Surkh. |
| Labiatae |
Salvia lanata |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal |
Kuuthan-Kali. |
| Labiatae |
Salvia moorcroftiana |
Northwestern Himalayas |
Kaali-jarri (Punjab). |
| Labiatae |
Salvia officinalis |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region; grown as an ornamental. |
Sage. |
Salvia Sefakuss |
| Labiatae |
Salvia plebeia |
Throughout the plains of India |
Samudrashosha, Kammarkasa. |
Bhuu-Tulasi. |
| Labiatae |
Salvia spinosa |
Native of Baluchistan. (Used in Unani medicine.) |
Kanochaa, Marv. |
| Labiatae |
Satureja hortensis |
Native to Mediterranean region; found in Kashmir. |
Summer Savory. Winter |
| Labiatae |
Scutellaria galericulata |
Kashmir |
Skullcap |
| Labiatae |
Stachys palustris |
Kashmir, grows in damp |
Marsh, Woundwort, Allheal. |
| Labiatae |
Stachys sylvatica |
Kashmir. |
Hedge Woundwort |
| Labiatae |
Teucrium scordium |
Native to Europe; found in Kashmir. |
Water-Germander. |
| Labiatae |
Thymus serpyllum |
Native to North America; also found in temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal; grown in gardens in western India. |
Mother-of-thyme, Wild Thyme. |
Ajagandhaa, Vana- Yavaani. ( |
Haashaa, Jangali Pudinaa. |
| Labiatae |
Zataria multiflora |
Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. Imported into India |
Wild Thyme. |
Saatar Faarsi, Al-Saatar, Origanon. |
| Labiatae |
Ajuga bracteosa |
The sub-Himalayan tract, plains of Punjab and the upper Gangetic plain. |
Neelkanthi. |
Ratapaati (Kumaon), Khur- banti (Punjab). |
| Labiateae |
Teucrium chamaedrys |
Native to Europe. Imported for use in Unani medicine |
Germander, Wall German- der |
Usqurdiyun, Kamaazariuus. |
| Lamiaceae |
Coleus amboinicus |
Native to Indonesia. |
Indian Borage. |
Parna-yavaani. |
Karpoorvalli. |
Pattaa Ajawaayin. Pattharachuur (Bengal). |
| Lamiaceae |
Coleus barbatus |
The sub-tropical Himalayas of Kumaon and Nepal; cultivated in Andhra Pradesh. |
Gandira |
Garmar (Gujarat), Gurmal. |
| Lamiaceae |
Coleus vettiveroides |
Native to Sri Lanka. Now under cultivation in Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Hrivera, Hiruberaka, Ambu, Ambhas, Udaka, Udichya, Jala, Vaari, Toya, Vaalaka, Baalaa, Baalaka, Baala. |
Kuruver. |
Iruveli |
| Lamiaceae |
Dracocephalum moldavica |
The temperate Western Himalaya in Kashmir |
Raam Tulasi. |
Feranjmushk. |
| Lamiaceae |
Melissa axillaris |
Temperate and alpine Himalaya, from Garhwal to Bhutan and in Darjeeling and Aka, |
Billilotan. |
| Lamiaceae |
Melissa officinalis |
Ladakh, |
Yellow Sweet Clover, Melilot. |
Iklil-ul-Malik, Asaab-ul- Malik, Naakhunaa. |
| Lamiaceae |
Micromeria capitellata |
Kumaon, Upper Gangetic plain, Bihar, Orissa, Western Ghats, Nilgiris. |
Pudinaa |
| Lamiaceae |
Roylea cinerea |
Himalaya from Kashmir |
Patkarru; Titpaati, Karanoi, Karui (Kumaon); Kaur, Kauri (Punjab). |
| Lauraceae |
Actinodaphne hookeri |
The western Ghats, Orissa and Sikkim |
Thali, Paratathali. |
Pisaa |
| Lauraceae |
Cassytha filiformis |
Throughout the greater parts of India. |
Doddar-Laurel, Love-Vine. |
Amarvalli, Aakaashbel. |
Erumaikkottan. |
| Lauraceae |
Cinnamomum camphora |
A tree native to China and Japan and often grown as a hedge plant. |
Camphor tree. |
Karpura, Ghanasaara, Chandra, Chandra Prabhaa, Sitaabhra, Hima-valukaa, Hi- mopala, Himakara, Shashi, Indu, Tushaara, Gandhadravya, Shital- raja. |
Kaafoor. |
Indu, Karupporam. |
| Lauraceae |
Cinnamomum cassia |
Native to China, Indonesia and Vietnam. |
Chinese Cinnamon, Cassia Bark. |
Tvak, Daalchini (bark). |
Lavangappattai. |
| Lauraceae |
Cinnamomum tamala |
The subtropical Himalayas, Khasi and Jaintia Hills. |
Indian Cassia, Lignea. |
Tejapatra, Patra, Patraka, Utkat, Tamaalpatra, Naalukaa, Naalikaa. |
Saleekhaa, Saazaj Hindi ( |
Talishpattiri (now equated with the leaf of Abies webbiana); Lavangappattiri. |
| Lauraceae |
Cinnamomum zeylanicum |
Western Ghats at low levels. Plantations of cinnamon are confined to Kerala State. |
Cinnamon, Ceylon Cinnamon. |
Tvak, Daaruchini, Chochaa, Choncha, Varaanga, Utkata, Daarusitaa (bark). |
Daarchini (bark). |
Elavangappattai. |
Daalchini. |
| Lauraceae |
Laurus nobilis |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region; cultivated through- out India. |
Laurel, Sweet Bay. |
Habb-ul-Ghaar, Daphni. |
| Lauraceae |
Lindera nessiana |
Temperate Himalayas |
Gandha-daaru (Bengal), Siltimur (Nepal). |
| Lauraceae |
Litsea glutinosa |
Punjab, Khasi Hills, Bengal, Assam and South India. |
Common Tallow Lowrel. |
Medaasaka. |
Maidaa-lakdi, Maghaase- Hindi. |
Mushaippeyetti, Elumpurukki, Uralli. |
| Lauraceae |
Litsea monopetala |
Assam and Eastern Himalayas, also Tamil Nadu. |
Maidaa-lakdi (var.). |
Maidalagadil, Picin- pattai. |
| Lauraceae |
Litsea stocksii |
The hills of western Deccan Peninsula. |
Pisi, Posha (Maharashtra). |
| Lauraceae |
Persea americana |
Native to Central America; introduced into India and grown for its fruit in Bangalore, Nandi Hills, Courtallam, Nagarcoil, Shevaroys, lower Palnis and the foothills of the Nilgiris; also in Pune. |
Avocado, Alligator Pear, Butter Fruit. |
| Lauraceae |
Persea macrantha |
Bihar and Peninsular India |
Machilus. |
| Lauraceae |
Sassafras albidum |
Canada to Florida. Dried roots of S. albidum are imported into India. |
Ague tree. |
Sassafras. |
| Lecythidaceae |
Barringtonia acutangula |
Sub-Himalayan tracts from the Ganges eastwards to Assam and Madhya Pradesh. |
| Leguminosae |
Adenanthera pavonina |
The western Ghats, the Andamans and sub-Himalayan tract; also cultivated. |
Coral Wood, Red Wood |
Rakta Kanchana, Rakta Kambala. |
Anai-gundumani. |
Ghumchi |
| Leguminosae |
Lupinus albus |
Cultivated in gardens |
While Lupine, Wolfsbohne |
Turmus. |
| Leguminosae |
Myroxylon balsamum |
Indigenous to Venezuela, Columbia and Peru;. grown in Lal Bagh Botanic Garden (Bangalore) and Kallar (Nilgiris). |
Tolu Balsam tree |
| Lentibulariaceae |
Utricularia bifida |
Marshy places, as a weed. |
Bladder wort |
Jhangi ( |
| Liliaceae |
Allium ascalonicum |
Native to Palestine; cultivated in India. |
Shellot |
Grnjana. |
Gandanaa, Ek-daanaa Lehsun, Ek-potia Lehsum |
| Liliaceae |
Allium cepa |
Cultivated as an annual all over the country. The most important onion-growing states are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh., Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh. |
Onion. |
Palaandu, Durgandh |
Piyaaz |
Venkaayam. |
| Liliaceae |
Allium macleanii |
Native to Afghanistan. |
Oriental Royal Salep. |
Baadshaahi Saalab |
| Liliaceae |
Allium porrum |
Native to the Mediterranean region; cultivated in India. |
Leek. |
Vilaayati Piyaaz. Praan (Kashmir). Seemevangayam (Tamil Nadu). |
| Liliaceae |
Allium sativum |
Native to Central Asia. Cultivated all over India. |
Garlic. |
Lashuna, Rasona, Yavaneshta, Ugragandha, Ma- haushadh, Arishta. |
Seer, Lahsun |
Ullippoondu, Vellaip- pondu. |
| Liliaceae |
Allium schoenoprasum |
Native to temperate northern Europe and the U.S.; distributed in the western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at |
Chives. |
| Liliaceae |
Aloe barbadensis |
Cultivated throughout India, wild on coasts of Maharashtra, Gujarat and South India. |
Curacao Aloe, Barbados Aloe, Indian Aloe, Jaffarabad Aloe. |
Kanyaasaara, Eleyaka (dried juice of the leaves). Kumaari, Kumaarikaa, Kanyaa, Grihkanyaa, Ghritkumaarika (plant). |
Gheekwaar, Sibr. |
Sotru Kattraazhai, Kumaari. Moosaambaram (dried juice). |
Elwaa, Musabbar (dried juice of leaves). |
| Liliaceae |
Asphodelus fistulosus |
Most parts of the plains from West Bengal westwards to Punjab and Gujarat, as a field weed. |
Asphodel. |
Piyaazi, Khunsaa, Asraash. |
Bokat. |
| Liliaceae |
Chlorophytum arundinaceum |
The Himalaya from Nepal to Bhutan, Assam and Bihar. |
Shveta-Musali. |
Musali Safed, Biskandri |
Vallaimusali. |
Nising, Tibbati Ginseng. |
| Liliaceae |
Chlorophytum tuberosum |
Central and Peninsular India |
Musali, Mushali. |
Musali. |
Vallaimusali. |
| Liliaceae |
Colchicum luteum |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Chamba. Major supplies of the drug are received from Kashmir. |
Hermodactyls, Colchicum, Meadow Saffron, Golden Collyrium |
Hiranyatuttha. |
Suranjaan Talkh. |
| Liliaceae |
Dracaena cinnabari |
Native to East Africa and Saudi Arabia. |
Dragon’s Blood. |
Khoonkharaabaa, Heeraadokhi. |
Dammul-Akhwain. |
| Liliaceae |
Fritillaria cirrhosa |
Central and Western Himalaya |
Yathu. |
| Liliaceae |
Fritillaria imperialis |
Crown Imperial, Imperial Fritillary. |
| Liliaceae |
Fritillaria roylei |
Western temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon |
Kshira-Kaakoli, Viraa, Kaayasthikaa, Vaaysoli. |
| Liliaceae |
Hemerocallis fulva |
The Himalaya, Khasi Hills; cultivated in Indian gardens |
Common Yellow Day-lily, Tawny Day-lily, Orange Day-lily. |
| Liliaceae |
Lilium candidum |
Native to Southern Europe and South-West Asia; grown in Indian gardens. |
Madona Lily, Annunciation Lily, White Lily. |
| Liliaceae |
Lilium giganteum |
Temperate Himalayas from Kumaon and Garhwal to Sikkim, Khasi and Aka hills and Manipur |
Gaayotraa (Jaunsar). |
| Liliaceae |
Lilium polyphyllum |
Uttaranchal, Himachal Pradesh. |
Kaakoli, Madhuraa, Kshira, Vayhasthaa, Karnikaa, Vaayasoli. |
| Liliaceae |
Lilium tigrinum |
Native to China and Japan; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Tiger Lily, Crumple Lily. |
| Liliaceae |
Lilium wallichianum |
Western Himalayas, Nepal, Lushai hills, Manipur and hills of South India |
Findora. Badai |
| Liliaceae |
Paris polyphylla |
Temperate Himalayas from Simla to Bhutan and in Lushai and Aka Hills. |
Haimavati, Shveta- vachaa. |
Baal-bach. |
| Liliaceae |
Polygonatum cirrhifolium |
Northern Himalayas |
Mahaa-medaa, Medaa, |
Devarigaanl |
| Liliaceae |
Polygonatum multiflorum |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon and in Manipur. |
Solomon’s Seal. |
Mahaa-medaa, Medaa |
| Liliaceae |
Polygonatum verticillatum |
Temperate Himalayas and Manipur. |
Medaa. |
Shaqaaqul. |
Mithaa-dudhiaa. |
| Liliaceae |
Ruscus aculeatus |
Native to western Europe, Mediterranean region and Iran; widely grown as ornament in India. |
Butcher’s Broom, Jew’s Myrtle. |
| Liliaceae |
Sansevieria hyacinthoides |
Native to Sri Lanka; found along coastal regions of India from Bengal to Tamil Nadu. |
Ceylon Bowstring Hemp. |
Naagadamani |
Marul, Motta manji. |
| Liliaceae |
Sansevieria roxburghiana |
The eastern coast of India from West Bengal to Tamil Nadu in South. |
Indian Bowstring Hemp. |
Naagadamani, Takshaki. Used in West Bengal as a substitute for Muurvaa. |
Marul, Motta Manji |
| Liliaceae |
Scilla indica |
Central and Southern India, including Deccan Peninsula. |
South Indian Squill. |
Vana-Palaandu (South India), Korikanda. |
Jangli Piyaz. |
Kattu velvengayam. |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax aristolochiaefolia |
Native to tropical America and the West Indies. |
Sarsaparilla. |
Ushbaa Maghrabi |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax aspera |
The tropical and temperate regions, from Kashmir, Sikkim and Assam to South India. |
Italian Sarsaparilla. |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax china |
Japan, China and Cochin China. |
China Root. |
Chobachini, Chopachi- ni, Dweepaantar-Vachaa, Madhus- nuhi, Hriddhaatri. |
Chobchini. |
Parangi chakkai. |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax glabra |
Assam, Khasi and Garo Hills, eastwards to upper Burma, Indo-China and southern China |
Dweepaantara-Vachaa, Chobachini ( |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax lanceifolia |
Sikkim Himalayas, Assam and Manipur. |
Hindi Chobachini |
Shukchin (Maharashtra), Hariaa. |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax ornata |
Tropical Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards to Khasi, Garo and Naga Hills, and in Bihar. |
Ushbaa. |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax ovalifolia |
Tropical parts of India. |
Maitri. |
Ushbaa |
Ghot-vel |
| Liliaceae |
Smilax zeylanica |
Tropical parts of India including hills. Common in eastern Himalayas. |
Jangali Ushbaa. |
Malai-thaamara. |
| Liliaceae |
Tulipa gesneriana |
Western Himalayas |
Common Garden Tulip, Late Tulip. |
Tulipa stellata Hook bulbs are wrongly equated with Suranjaan of Unani medicine. Colchicum luteum Baker is the source of Suranjaan Talkh (bitter), and Merendera persica of Suranjaan Shireen (sweet). |
Tulip. |
| Liliaceae |
Urginea indica |
Western Himalayas, Bihar, Konkan and along the Coromandel Coast. U. maritima (L.) Baker is native to Mediterranean region. |
Indian Squill, Sea Onion (red and white varieties). |
Vana-palaandu, Kolakanda, Vajrakanda. |
Unsul-e-Hindi, Isqueel- e-Hindi, Piyaaz-Dasti, Piyaaz- Sahraayi, Jangali Piyaaz. |
Narivengayam. |
| Liliaceae |
Veratrum viride |
The temperate regions of northern hemisphere; introduced in Jammu and Kashmir for cultivation. |
American Hellbore, Green Hellebore. |
| Liliaceae |
Yucca aloifolia |
Common in gardens in warm tropical regions. |
| Liliaceae |
Yucca gloriosa |
Native to Central America; introduced into India as a garden plant. |
Spanish Dagger-Plant, Adam’s Needle. |
| Liliaceae |
Yucca filamentosa |
Indigenous to southern United States; introduced into Indian gardens. |
Indigenous to southern United States; introduced into Indian gardens. |
| Liliaceaes |
Gloriosa superba |
Throughout tropical India, |
Glory Lily, Super Lily, Tiger’s Claws. |
Laangali, Laangaliki, Laangalaki, Laanglaahva, Indra- pushpi, Agnishikhaa, Anantaa, Vishaalyaa, Halini, Sirikramaa, Shukrapushpikaa, Vahnimukhi, Garbhanut, Garbhapaatani. Kali- haari (Costus specious Koen., is also used as Kalihaari), Kalikaari. |
Kalappankizhangu. |
| Linaceae |
Hugonia mystax |
Konkan and North Kanara, throughout dry forests of Tamil Nadu. |
Agori. Motirakkanni |
Kaakibeeraa, Kansamaara |
| Linaceae |
Linum usitatissimum |
Cultivated mainly in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar and Rajasthan |
Linseed, Flax. |
Atasi, Umaa, Masrnaa, Nilapushpi, Kshumaa. |
Kattan. |
Ali, Virai, Sirrali |
| Linaceae |
Reinwardtia indica |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim; commonly grown in gardens. |
Winter-Flax, Yellow Flax. |
Baasanti. |
Abai (Maharashtra). |
| Loganiaceae |
Strychnos ignatii |
Native to the Philippines. Seeds are imported into India |
Ignatus Beans. |
Papitaa Vilaayati. |
Kayappankottai. |
| Loganiaceae |
Strychnos nux-vomica |
Tropical India |
Nux vomica. |
Kapilu, Kaakatin- duka, Kaakendu, Kaakapiluka, Vishamushtikaa, Vishamushti, Vishatinduka, Kuchilaa, Ksuchalaa. |
Azaraaqi, Kuchlaa |
Yettikkottai. |
| Loganiaceae |
Strychnos potatorum |
Forests of West Bengal, Central and South India, |
Clearing Nut tree. |
Kataka, Katakaphala, Payah-prasaadi, Chakshushya, Nirmali. |
Nirmali. |
Thettran, Thetrankot- tai. |
| Loganiaceae |
Strychnos rheedei |
Western Ghats, from South Kanara to Trivandrum, |
Valli Kanjiram. |
| Lognaniaceae |
Strychnos colubrina |
Deccan Peninsula from Konkan to Cochin. |
Kupilu-lataa, Kuchilaa- lataa. |
Kaajar-vel |
| Loranthaceae |
Dendrophthoe falcata |
Throughout India. |
Bandaaka, Vrkshaadani, Vrkshruuhaa. |
Pulluri, Plavithil (Tamil). |
Baandaa. |
| Loranthaceae |
Loranthus falcatus |
Throughout India, as a parasite. |
Bandaaka, Sanharshaa, Vrikshaadani, Vrikshaaruha, Vriksha-bhakshaa. (A large bushy parasite, which causes much damage to the host tree.) |
Baandaa. |
| Loranthaceae |
Loranthus pentandrus |
Sylhet. |
Bandaaka |
Baandaa. |
| Lycopodiaceae |
Lycopodium clavatum |
Indigenous to North America, Europe, Asia; found in Kumaon, eastwards in West Bengal, Sikkim, Asam, Khasi Hills, Manipur and in Western Ghats. |
Common Club Moss. |
Naaga-beli (Nepal), Bendarali (Maharashtra). |
| Lythraceae |
Ammannia baccifera |
Marshy areas throughout India, as a weed. |
Blistering Ammannia. |
Agnipatri. |
Daadmaari |
| Lythraceae |
Lagerstroemia flos-reginae |
Tropical Himalaya, and Assam, Western and Eastern Ghats, |
Pride of India, Queen’s Flowers, Queen Crape Myrtle |
Kadalai, Pumaruttu. |
Jaarul. Kramuk and Arjun are confusing synonyms. |
| Lythraceae |
Lagerstroemia indica |
Native to China; grown as an ornamental. |
Common Crape Myrtle. |
Pavalak-kurinji, Sinappu. |
Saavani, Faraash |
| Lythraceae |
Lagerstroemia parviflora |
Almost throughout India, |
Siddhaka, Siddha, Syandana |
Dhauraa, Bakli. Chungi (Hyderabad). Lendia (trade). |
| Lythraceae |
Lawsonia inermis |
Native to Arabia and Persia; now cultivated mainly in Haryana and Gujarat; to a small extent in Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan. |
Henna |
Madayanti, Madayan- tikaa, Mendika, Ranjaka. |
Hinaa, Mehndi. |
Marithondi, Marudum. |
| Lythraceae |
Woodfordia fruticosa |
Throughout North India, rather scarce in South India. |
Fire-flame Bush, Shiran- jitea. |
Dhaataki, Dhaatri, Kun- jaraa, Taamrapushpi, Bahupushpi, Vahnijwaalaa. |
Velakkai. |
| Magnoliaceae |
Illicium anisatum |
Indigenous to China. |
Star Anise. |
Baadiyaan |
| Magnoliaceae |
Illicium verum |
Native to China. Fruits imported from China and Indo- China. |
Star Anise, Chinese Anise, Aniseed Stars. |
Baadyaan Khataai |
Takkola, Anasippo. |
Anasphal. |
| Magnoliaceae |
Kadsura heteroclita |
Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Western Ghats in Malabar. |
Pattiamlo, Salado-rik (Himalayas). Kang-mari, Mi-ja- ngew, Theiarbawm (Assam). |
| Magnoliaceae |
Liriodendron tulipifera |
Native to North America; introduced into hill stations in India. |
Tulip tree. |
| Magnoliaceae |
Magnolia grandiflora |
Native to North America; found in the Himalayas |
Bull Bay, Great Laurel Magnolia, Southern Magnolia |
Him-Champaa |
| Magnoliaceae |
Michelia champaca |
Eastern Himalayas, lower hills of Assam, hills of South India |
Champak, Golden Champa. |
Champaka, Svarna Champaka, Hemapushpa, Chaam- peya. |
Sampagi. |
| Malpighiaceae |
Aspidopterys indica |
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Meghalaya, Orissa and peninsular India. |
Chuttakulaa-tigaa |
| Malpighiaceae |
Hiptage benghalensis |
Throughout the warmer parts of Maharashtra, Konkan, Karnataka and other parts of India. |
Atimukta, Atimuktaka, Maadhavi, Vaasanti, Pundrika, Mandaka, Vimukta, Kaamuka |
Madhavi, Vasanda- gala-malligai. |
| Malpighiaceae |
Malpighia glabra |
Native to tropical America; cultivated in gardens as hedge |
Barbados Cherry, Acerola. |
. |
| Malpighiaceae |
Malpighia punicifolia |
Cultivated in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. |
West Indian Cherry. |
Vallari (Telugu), Simeyaranelli (Kannada). |
| Malvaceae |
Abelmoschus esculentus |
Native to tropical Africa; cultivated throughout India |
Gumbo, Lady Finger, Okra. |
Bhaandi, Bhindaka, Bhendaa. |
Vendai. |
Bhindi, Raamturai. |
| Malvaceae |
Abutilon indicum |
Throughout the hotter parts of India. Found as a weed in the sub-Himalayan tract and |
Country Mallow, Flowering Maples, Chinese Bell-flowers |
| Malvaceae |
Althaea officinalis |
Native to eastern Europe; found in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. |
Marshmallow, Hollyhock |
Khatmi, Gul-Khairu |
Shemai-tutti. |
| Malvaceae |
Gossypium arboreum |
Cultivated all over India as a fibre plant |
Tree Cotton, Desi Cotton |
Kaarpaasi. |
Sempartthi (Red Cotton), Sivappuparutthi. |
Kapaasa. |
| Malvaceae |
Gossypium barbadense |
Native to South America, particularly its north-western parts. Also cultivated in India. |
Egyptian Cotton, Sea- Island Cotton. |
Kaarpaasa. |
Semparutthi. |
Kapaasa. |
| Malvaceae |
Gossypium herbaceum |
Cultivated mainly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. |
Asiatic Cotton, Levant Cotton, Uppam Cotton. |
Kaarpaasa, Kaarpaasi, Kaarpaasaka, Rakta-Kaarpaasa, Shona-Kaarpaasa, Samudraantaa, Tuula, Pichu, Bhaaradwaaji, Tundikeri. |
Pambahdaanaa. |
Paruttikkootam |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus abelmoschus |
Throughout the warmer parts and hilly regions of India; also cultivated. |
Musk Seed, Muskmallow, Ambette Seed. |
Lataakasturi, Lataakas- turikaa, Kattaphala, Katuka. |
Mushkdaanaa. |
Kasturi-vendai. |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus cannabinus |
Native to tropical America and Africa; cultivated in West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Bihar and Punjab. |
Bimlipatam Jute, Kenaf, Mesta, Deccan Hemp. |
Pulichhai, Pulimanji, Kasini. |
Patsan, Pitwaa. Ambaadi |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus mutabilis |
Native to China; planted in the hedges of gardens. |
Cotton-Rose, Chinese- Rose, Confederate Rose. |
Sthala-Padam, Sthal- Kamal. |
Irratai-vellaichemba- rattam, Sembarattai. |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis |
Native of China; grown in gardens throughout India. |
Rose-of-China, Shoe- flower, Chinese Hibiscus |
Japaa, Javaa, Odrapush- pa, Rudrapushpa, Arunaa. |
Gul-e-Gurhal. |
Semparuthi. |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus sabdariffa |
Native to the West Indies; now cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal, Bihar, Punjab, Assam and Tamil Nadu. |
Roselle, Jamaican Sorrel, Natal Sorrel, Red Sorrel. |
Sivappu Kashmakki, Pulichai-keerai, Gogu, Seemai Kaseru. |
Laal-ambaadi, Patavaa, Patsan. |
| Malvaceae |
Hibiscus surattensis |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Ran Bhindi. |
Kishli-Keerai |
| Malvaceae |
Kydia calycina |
Common in sub- Himalayan tract. |
Pola, Pulu, Pula, Polao. Vendi (Tamil Nadu). Potri, Konda Potari, Pandiki, Pachabotuka (Andhra Pradesh). Velukku, Venta, Nedunar (Kerala). |
| Malvaceae |
Malva rotundifolia |
Simla, Kumaon and plains of North India. |
Round-leaved Mallow, Drawf Mallow, Cheese Cake Flower. |
Suvarchalaa. |
Khubhaazi, Gul-Khair. |
| Malvaceae |
Malva sylvestris |
Temperate Himalayas from Punjab to Kumaon, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Common Mallow, Blue Mallow, High Mallow. |
Suvarchalaa |
Khubbaazi, Bhubhaazi Bustaani, Gul-Khair. |
| Malvaceae |
Pavonia odorata |
North-West India, Bengal and Konkan. |
Fragrant Sticky Mallow. |
Vaalaka, Baalaka, Baala, Barhishtha, Hrivera, Ambu, Jala, Nira, Paya, Toya, Udichya, Vaari, Muurdhaja. Sugandhbaalaa |
Peraamutti, Kastoori vendai. |
| Malvaceae |
Pavonia zeylanica |
Throughout greater part of India. |
Sithamutti, Mammat- ti, Peraamutti. |
| Malvaceae |
rhomboidea |
West Bengal. |
Mahaabalaa |
| Malvaceae |
Sida acuta |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Hornbeam-Leaved Sida. |
Balaa (white-owered var.). |
Jangali Methi. |
| Malvaceae |
Sida cordifolia |
Throughout India in moist places. |
| Malvaceae |
Sida rhombifolia |
Throughout India, in moist places |
Common Bala |
Mahaabalaa, Mahaasamangaa, Sahadeva |
Bariyaara (red-flowered var.) |
Athi Bala-chedi, Chitrmutti, Tennacham |
| Malvaceae |
Sida spinosa |
Throughout the hotter parts of India, ascending to an altitude of ,m. |
Prickly Sida. |
Naagabalaa, Balaa- kantakini, Gangaati. |
Arivalmanai-poondu. |
Gulasakari, Gangeti, Jangali- methi. |
| Malvaceae |
Sida veronicaefolia |
Throughout hotter parts of India. |
Raajabalaa, Bhumibalaa, Prasaarini, Suprasaraa (also equated with Naagabalaa, Grewia hirsuta ). |
Palampasi. |
Farid-booti. |
| Malvaceae |
sinuata |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Used as a substitute for Balaa. |
Ottatti. |
Lot-loti, Kunjuyaa. |
| Malvaceae |
Thespesia lampas |
Grown as an ornamental. |
Tundikera. |
Bana-Kapaasi. Raan-bhendi (Maharashtra). |
| Malvaceae |
Thespesia populnea |
Coastal regions of India and the Andamans; and also grown as an ornamental. |
Portia tree, Tulip tree, Umbrella tree, False Rosewood. |
Paarisha, Kapitana, Paarshvpippala, Gardabhaanda. Siddha Poovarsu. |
| Malvaceae |
Urena lobata |
Throughout warmer parts of India, frequent in West Bengal. Ayurvedic ) Naagabalaa (Grewia hirsuta and Sida veronicaefolia are also equated with Naagabalaa). Used as Balaa in Kerala. |
Ottatti. |
| Marantaceae |
Maranta arundinacea |
Native to tropical America; cultivated throughout the country for its edible starch. |
Arrowroot. Siddha Koovaikizhangu, Kookaineer. |
| Marsileaceae |
Marsilea minuta |
Throughout India as a weed in marshy places. |
Sunishannaka, Parnaka, Vastika-parnika, Swastika, Cha- tushpatri, Susunishaak, Chaupaitra. |
| Martyniaceae |
Martynia annua |
Native of Mexico; found throughout India. |
Devils Claw, Tiger Claw. |
Kaakanaasikaa, Kaakaangi, Shirobal. |
Kakatundi, Thelko- dukkukai. |
Hathajori, Bichhuu. |
| Melastomataceae |
Melastoma malabathricum |
Moist parts of India, up to ,m. |
Indian Rhododendron. |
Laakheri, Paalorey(Maharash- tra). Tulasi (Nepal). Nakkukappan (Tamil Nadu), Phutuka (Assam). |
| Melastomataceae |
Memecylon edule |
Orissa, Assam and Western Peninsula. |
Iron Wood. |
Anjani. |
Kasai, Anjani. |
Yaalki, Lokhandi (Maharash- tra). |
| Melastomataceae |
Osbeckia chinensis |
The Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan, North Bengal, Bihar and Khasi, Aka and Lushai hills. |
Bhui-lukham (Lushai). |
| Meliaceae |
Aglaia roxburghiana |
Western Ghats, tropical forests in the hills of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Andaman and Nicobar islands. |
Priyangu (var.) |
| Meliaceae |
Amoora cucullata |
Coastal forests of West Bengal and Andaman Islands. |
Amur, Latmi, Natmi (Bengal). |
| Meliaceae |
Aphanamixis polystachya |
The sub-Himalayas tracts, Sikkim, Assam, Bengal, western Ghats and the Andamans. |
Rohitaka, Daadima- chhada, Daadima-pushpaka, Plihaghna. Tecoma undulata G. Don., Bignoniaceae , is also equated with Rohitaka. |
Malampuluvan. |
| Meliaceae |
Azadirachta indica |
Native to Burma; found all over India. |
Neem tree, Margosa tree. |
Nimba, Nimbaka, Arishta, Arishtaphala, Pichumarda, Pichumanda, Pichumandaka, Tiktaka, Sutiktak, Paaribhadra. |
Aazaad-Darakht-e-Hindi. |
Vemmu, Veppu, Veppan, Arulundi. |
| Meliaceae |
Cedrela toona |
Sub-Himalayan tract, Assam and throughout hilly regions of Central and South India |
Red Cedar, Toon, Indian Mahogany tree. |
Tuunikaa, Nandi Vrksha |
Tunumaram, Santhana Vembu |
Toonaa. |
| Meliaceae |
Chukrassia tabularis |
Hills of Sikkim, Ma- harashtra, Tamil Nadu and the Andamans. |
Bastard Cedar, White Cedar, Indian Red Wood. |
Aglay, Melei Veppu. |
Chikrassy. |
| Meliaceae |
Dysoxylum binectariferum |
Assam, Sikkim, Bengal and the Western Ghats. |
Agunivagil, Cembil. |
Lassuni (West Bengal). |
| Meliaceae |
Khaya senegalensis |
Native to South Africa. Planted in forest nurseries and plantation at Pune and Vada (Maharashtra). |
African Mahogany. |
| Meliaceae |
Lansium domesticum |
Cultivated in Nilgiris and a few other places in South India. En glishLangsat Fruit, Dockoa. |
Duku. |
| Meliaceae |
Melia azedarach |
Cultivated and naturalized throuhout India. Wild in the Sub-Himalayan tract up to ,m. |
Persian Lilac, Pride of India. |
Mahaanimba, Ramyaka, Dreka. (Neem is equated with Azadirachta indica. ) |
Bakaayan. |
Malaivembu. |
| Meliaceae |
Melia composita |
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Western Ghats, Ganjam and Deccan up to ,m. |
Hill Neem, Malabar Neem, Common Bead tree. |
Arangaka. |
Malaivembu (Tamil). |
| Meliaceae |
Naregamia alata |
Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka, up to ,m. |
Goanese Ipecacuanha. |
Nilanaaringa, Bhumi- Naagaranga. Pitta-vela, Tinpaani (Maharashtra). |
| Meliaceae |
Sandoricum indicum |
Wild in Kangra and in Simla hills. |
European Elder. |
Sevai, Sayai. |
| Meliaceae |
Soymida febrifuga |
PeninsularIndia, Rajasthan and Bihar. |
Indian Red-Wood, Bastard Cedar. |
Maansrohini, Rohini, Rohinaa, Prahaarvalli. |
Somi-maram, Wond. |
| Meliaceae |
Turraea villosa |
Gujarat to Karnataka, both on the hills and the coasts, and in the Anamalai Hills in Tamil Nadu up to ,m. |
Pandre, Kapuurbhendi (Maharashtra). |
| Meliaceae |
Walsura trifoliata |
Karnataka, Western Ghats, Palni and Anaimalai Hills, also western India. |
Cheddavokko, Kanjiram. |
Waalsuuraa. |
| Menispermaceae |
Anamirta cocculus |
The Khasi Hills, Orissa and peninsular India. |
Fish Berry, Levant Berry, Poison Berry, Crow Killer. |
Kaakaadani, Kaakamaari. |
Kaakkaikkollividai. |
| Menispermaceae |
Chondodendron tomentosum |
A native of Peru and Brazil. |
False Pareira Brava. |
Paatha, Ambashthaa (true Pareira is equated with Cissampelos pareira root). |
| Menispermaceae |
Cissampelos pareira |
The tropical and sub- tropical parts of India. |
Velvet-Leaf Pareira, Pareira Brava. |
Paathaa, Ambashthaa, Varatiktaaa, Vriki, Aviddhakarni, Piluphalaa, Shreyashi.Bigger var., Raaja Paathaa, is equated with Stephania hernandifolia Walp.) |
Paathaa. |
Paadakkizhangu, Appatta. |
| Menispermaceae |
Cocculus hirsutus |
Throughout tropical and sub-tropical tracts of India. |
Broom-Creeper, Ink-Berry. |
Chhilihinta, Paataala- garuda, Mahaamuulaa, Dirghavalli, Jalajamani. |
Kattukodi. |
| Menispermaceae |
Coscinium fenestratum |
South India, particularly in Western Ghats. |
False Calumba. |
Pitachandana, Pitasaara, Harichandana, Kaaliyaka, Kalam- baka. |
Maramanjal, Man- jalkodi. |
Jharihaldi. |
| Menispermaceae |
Cyclea arnotii |
Throughout South and East India and in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. |
Raaj-Paathaa (bigger var. of Paathaa, Cissampelos pareira Linn.). |
Para. |
| Menispermaceae |
Jateorhiza palmata |
Indigenous to south-east tropical Africa. Imported into India. |
Calumba, Colombo. |
Kalambaka. ( Coscinium fenestratum Colebr., known as False calumba, is used as a substitute for J. palmata. ) |
| Menispermaceae |
Pericampylus glaucus |
Hill forests of Sikkim, Northern Bengal and Assam. |
Baarak-kaant (Maharashtra), Goriaa-loti (Assam). |
| Menispermaceae |
Stephania glabra |
Himalayas from Sim- la to Sikkim, Khasi Hills and Assam. |
Used as Paathaa ( Cissampelos pareira ). |
Gidaangu (Garhwal), Paahraa (Dehradun). |
| Menispermaceae |
Stephania hernandiifolia |
Forests of the Western and Eastern Ghats. |
Used as Raaj-Paathaa in the South. (Raaj-Paathaa is also equated with Cyclea arnotii Miers in southern and eastern parts of India). |
| Menispermaceae |
Tiliacora acuminata |
Throughout tropical India. |
Kodaparuavalli. |
Tiliyaa-koraa (Bihar, Bengal). |
| Menispermaceae |
Tinospora cordifolia |
Tropical India and the Andamans. |
Guduuchi, Gudu- uchikaa, Guluuchi, Amrita, Am- ritaa, Amritalataa, Amritavalli, Chinnaruuhaa, Chinnodbhavaa, Madhuparni, Vatsaadani, Tantrikaa, Kundalini. Guduuchi sattva (starch). |
Gilo, Gulanchaa. Sat-e-Gilo (starch). Siddha Seenil, Amrida-valli. |
Giloya. |
| Menispermaceae |
Tinospora crispa |
Assam. |
Guduuchi (related species). |
| Menispermaceae |
Tinospora malabarica |
Throughout India, ascending to an altitude of ,m. |
Kandodbhava-guduchi, Vatsaadani, Padma-Guduuchi. |
Gurch. |
| Menyanthaceae |
Limnanthemum cristatum |
Throughout India, in fresh water ponds and tanks. (Considered by some authors a synonym of Nymphoides Hill.) |
Ghainchu, Tagarmuula; Panchuli, Chandmalla (Bengal); Kumudini (Maharashtra). |
| Menyanthaceae |
Limnanthemum indicum |
Throughout India, in tanks and back waters |
Barachuli, Chinnambal (Kerala) |
| Menyanthaceae |
Limnanthemum nymphaeoides |
Kashmir. |
Fringed Water-Lily. |
Kuru, Khairposh (Punjab). |
| Menyanthaceae |
Nymphoides macrospermum |
South India. |
Granthik Tagar. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia arabica |
Throughout the drier parts of India |
Babul, Black Babul, Indian Gum arabic tree |
Babbuula, Babbuuri, Baavari, Aabhaa, Shuulikaa, Shitaka, Kinkiraata, Yugmakantaka, Sukshmapatra, Pitapushpaka. |
Aqaaqia, Babuul, Kikar, Mughilaan, Samur. |
Karu-velamaram, Karuvelei. Velampisin (gum). |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia canescens |
Bihar and South India. |
Aadaari (related sp.) |
Ari, Araara. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia catechu |
Drier regions of India, particularly Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa and Rajasthan. |
Cutch tree, Catechu. |
Khadira, Kadara, Somavalka, Gaayatri, Dantdhaavan, Kantaki, Raktasaara (heartwood extract). |
Khair, Kaat, Katthaa (heartwood extract). |
Karunkaali (bark), Kalippakku, Kadiram. Katthakkaambu, Kaasukkatti (heartwood extract). |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia chundra |
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh on dry and rocky soils. |
Red Cutch. |
Khadira (related sp.). |
Katthakkaambu (heartwood extract). |
Laal Khair. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia concinna |
Tropical jungles throughout India, especially in the Deccan. |
Saptalaa, Shitalaa, Saatalaa, Shrivalli, Kantvalli. |
Shikaakaai, Kharunb Nabti. |
Seekai, Sigakai. |
Ban-Reethaa. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia farnesiana |
Native to West Indies; now occurring throughout India. |
Cassie Flower, Cassie Absolute, Sweet Acacia. |
Arimeda, Vitkhadira. |
Vilaayati Kikar, Gandbabuul, Guyaa Babuul, Durgandh Khair. |
Kastuurivel, Vedday- ala. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia leucophloea |
Dry regions of the country, especially in Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. |
White Babul. |
Arimeda, Arimedaka, Arimanja, Irimeda, Vitakhadir, Godhaa-skandha, Raamaka. |
Kath Safed, Vilaayati Babuul, Guyaa Babuul. |
Valval, Velvayalam. |
Safed Babuul, Safed Kikar, Renvaa. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia pennata |
Throughout India; ascend- ing to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Lataakhadira, Aadaari, Ari. |
Indan, Indu. Iyak Koluntu (tender leaves). |
Aila. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia senegal |
Native to Sudan. Cultivated in dry parts of western India. |
Gum arabic tree. |
Shveta Babbuula. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia suma |
West Bengal, Bihar, western peninsula. |
Shveta Khadira, Kadara, Somavalkala. |
Khor, Safed Khair. |
| Mimosaceae |
Acacia torta |
Throughout India in the dry and intermediate zones; ascending to an altitude of about ,m in the Himalayas. |
| Mimosaceae |
Albizia amara |
Throughout southern India in dry forests, up to m, and in some parts of Madhya Pradesh. |
Shirish (barkgrey or greenish). |
Thuringil. |
| Mimosaceae |
Albizia lebbeck |
All over India, from the plains up to m in the Himalayas; also in the Andamans. |
Siris tree, East Indian walnut. |
Shirisha, Bhandi, Bhandila, Shitapushpa, Mridu- pushpa, Kapitana (barkdusty black). |
Siras. |
Vaagei. |
| Mimosaceae |
Albizia procera |
All over India. |
Shveta Shirisha (bark white or greenish-white). |
| Mimosaceae |
Dichrostachys cinerea |
Northwestern and Central India, Maharashtra, from North Karnataka southwards. |
Virataru, Vellantaru, Viravrksha. |
Vidathalai. |
Varatuli, Khairi. |
| Mimosaceae |
indica |
Throughout the drier parts of India. |
Babul, Black Babul, Indian Gum arabic tree. |
Babbuula, Babbuuri, Baavari, Aabhaa, Shuulikaa, Shitaka, Kinkiraata, Yugmakantaka, Sukshmapatra, Pitapushpaka. |
Aqaaqia, Babuul, Kikar, Mughilaan, Samur. |
Karu-velamaram, Karuvelei. Velampisin (gum). |
| Mimosaceae |
Leucaena glauca |
The plains of India. |
White Popinac, Lead tree. |
Tagarai. |
Vilaayati Baval Lasobaval (Gujarat). |
| Mimosaceae |
Mimosa pudica |
Native to tropical America; naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions of India. |
Sensitive-plant, Humble- Plant. |
Lajjaalu, Laajavanti, Namaskaari, Samangaa, Sanko- chini, Shamipatraa, Khadirkaa, Raktapaadi. |
Chhuimui, Sharmili, Laajwanti. |
Thottalsurungi. |
| Mimosaceae |
Neptunia oleracea |
Throughout India, in tanks. |
Lajjaalu (var.), Alam- bushaa. (Provisional synonyms.) Siddha Sadai, Sundaikkirai. |
Paani-lajak (Punjab). |
| Mimosaceae |
Pithecellobium dulce |
Cultivated throughout the plains of India. |
Minila Tamarind, Madras Thorn, Quamachil. |
Karapilly, Kodukkaa Puli. |
Vilaayati Imli, Dakhini Babool. |
| Mimosaceae |
Pithecellobium monadelphum |
Eastern Himalayas, Khasi, Jaintia and Lushai Hills. |
Kalpakku. |
Kachloraa. |
| Mimosaceae |
Prosopis chilensis |
Argentine, Arid, Mexican, Peruvian and Australian species have been introduced into India |
Mesquite |
Khejaraa, Vilaayati Kikar, Kaabuli Kikar |
| Mimosaceae |
Prosopis spicigera |
Dry and acrid regions of India. |
Shami, Tungaa, Keshahantri, Shankuphalaa. |
Kalisam. |
| Mimosaceae |
Prosopis stephaniana |
Parts of Punjab and Gujarat. |
Samudra-shami, Shami (var.). |
Khejaraa (var.) |
| Mimosaceae |
Xylia xylocarpa |
Peninsular India. |
Irul. |
Jambu, Suriaa. |
| Molluginaceae |
Glinus lotoides |
Throughout the plains and lower ghats of India in river beds. |
Siru seruppadai. |
Gandhi-buuti. |
| Momosaceae |
Entada scandens |
Eastern Himalayas, hills of Bihar, Orissa and South India. |
Garbee Bean, Mackay Bean, Elephant Creeper. |
Gil. |
Chillu, Vattavalli. |
Gil-gaachh. |
| Monotropaceae |
Monotropa uniflora |
The temperate Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh to Bhutan and in Khasi Hills at ,,m. |
Indian Pipe. |
| Moraceae |
Antiaris toxicaria |
Western Ghats from Konkan southwards to Trivandrum, up to m. |
Sacking tree, Upas tree. |
Valkala vrksha. |
Aranthelli, Mara-uri, Nettavil. |
Jangali Lakuch, Jasund, Chaandakudaa. |
| Moraceae |
Artocarpus integrifolia |
Cultivated throughout the hotter parts of India. |
Jackfruit, Jack tree. |
Panasa, Kantakiphala, Ativrihatphala, Aamaashayaphala. |
Murasabalam. |
Katahal, Phanasa. |
| Moraceae |
Artocarpus lacucha |
Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bengal, Khasi Hills and western Ghats. |
Monkey Jack. |
Lakuch, Kshudra Panas, Granthiphala, Pitanaasha. |
Ilangu, Irapala, Ottipilu (Tamil). |
Badhar. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus altissima |
Assam, eastwards to Malaysia. |
Nandi vrksha (var), Choraka-patra (var.). |
Gadgubar (Assam). |
| Moraceae |
Ficus arnottiana |
Cultivated in Rajsthan, MadhyaPradesh, Bihar andWestern Peninsula |
Nandi Vriksha, Prarohi, Gajapaadapa, Paarasa Pipala |
Kagoti. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus asperrima |
Madhya Pradesh and Western Peninsula. |
Kharapatra (non- classical). |
Kal-arasu. |
Kaala-umar. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus benghalensis |
Sub-Himalayan tract and Peninsular India. Planted along roadsides, and in gardens. |
Banyan tree. |
Vata, Nyagrodha, Bahupaada, Dhruv. |
Bargad, Darakht-e-Reesh. |
Aalamaram. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus benjamina |
The Eastern Himalaya, Assam, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, kerala and the Andaman Islands. |
Java Fig. Siddha Malai Ichi, Pon Ichi, Putrajuvi (Tamil). |
Pimpri (Maharashtra). |
| Moraceae |
Ficus carica |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region; now cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Common Fig. |
Phalgu, Manjul, Raajodumbara, Bhadrodumbara. |
Anjeer, Teen. |
Semaiatti. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus cordifolia |
Throughout India, up to ,m in the hills. |
Ashmantaka (var.) |
| Moraceae |
Ficus cunia |
Sub-Himalayan tract from Chenab eastward to Bhutan and in Assam, Bengal and Orissa. |
Indian Fig. |
Malayu, Choraka- patra, Laakshaa-vrksha, Laghu- udumbara. Siddha Taragadu (Tamil). |
| Moraceae |
Ficus dalhousiae |
Tamil Nadu. |
Soma-valka (doubtful synonym). |
Kal Aal, Pei Aal. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus heterophylla |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Traayanti, Traaya- maanaa. |
Kodi Athi. |
Daantiraa (Rajasthan). |
| Moraceae |
Ficus hispida |
Outer Himalaya from Chenab eastwards to West Bengal Assam, Central and South India and the Andaman Islands. |
Kaakodumbara, Kaashtodumbara, Phalgu, Malayu, Malapu. |
Anjir Dashti. |
Peyatti, Chona Atthi. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus lacor |
Plains and lower hills of India. |
White Fig. |
Plaksha, Karpari, Pitana, Parkati. |
Kurugu, Itthi, Kallalnaram. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus microcarpa |
West Bengal, Bihar, Central and Peninsular India and Andaman Islands. Grown in gardens, and as an avenue tree. Quite common in New Delhi. |
Plaksha (related sp.). |
Kal Ichi. |
Itti. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus palmata |
North-western India and Rajasthan, from Kashmir eastward to Nepal, |
Indian Fig |
Phalgu, Anjiri |
) Manjimedi (Telugu) |
| Moraceae |
Ficus racemosa |
Throughout India. Grows wild in forests and hills. Often found around subterranean water streams. |
Cluster Fig, Country Fig. |
Udumbara, Sadaaphala, Hema-daudhaka, Jantuphala, Yagyaanga. |
Anjir-e-Aadam, Anjir-e- Ahmak, Gular. |
Atthi. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus religiosa |
Sub-Himalayan tracts, West Bengal, Central and South India; planted throughout India as an avenue tree. |
Peepal, Bot-tree. |
Ashvattha, Bodhidru, Bodhivrkisha, Sebya, Chalapa- tra, Gajabhaksha, Kshiradruma, Peeppal. |
Peepal. |
Arasu, Ashvatham. |
| Moraceae |
Ficus talbotii |
Peninsular India. |
Plaksha (related species). |
Itthi, Kal Itthi. |
| Moraceae |
Morus alba |
Native to China; cultivated in Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Kashmir and North-Western Himalayas. |
Chinese White-Mulberry. |
Shahtuut, Tuut. |
| Moraceae |
Morus nigra |
Native to West Asia; cultivated in Kashmir, also grown in Darjeeling. |
Black Mulberry. |
Tuut Siyaah. |
| Moraceae |
Streblus asper |
Drier parts of Peninsular India. |
Siamee Rough Brush. |
Shaakhotaka, Shaakho- ta, Pitaphalaka. Bhuutavaasa, Kharachhada. |
Piraayan, Pirai. |
Sihor. |
| Moringaceae |
Moringa concanensis |
Rajasthan and Peninsular India. |
Shigru (Red var.). |
Kaatumurungai. |
| Moringaceae |
Moringa pterygosperma |
Drumstick, Horse-Radish. |
Shigru (white var.), Madhu Shigru, Sigra, Shobhaan- jana, Haritashaaka. Raktaka, Murangi, Mochaka, Akshiva, Tikshnagandhaa. |
Sahajan. |
Murungai. |
| Musaceae |
Musa paradisiaca |
Assam, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Jalgaon district (Maha- rashtra), West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. |
Banana, Plantain. |
Kadali, Rambhaa, Sakrtphala, Vaaranaa, Mochaa, Ambusaara, Anshumatiphal. |
Kelaa, Mouz. |
Vaazhai. |
| Myricaceae |
Myrica nagi |
Subtropical Himalayas from the Ravi eastwards at ,m. |
Box Myrtle. |
Katphala, Kushb- hikaa, Shriparnikaa, Mahaavalkal, Bhadraa, Bhadravati. |
Kaayaphal. |
Marudam. |
| Myristicaceae |
Knema angustifolia |
Sikkim Himalayas, Assam. |
Motaa-pasuti (Assam), Ramguwaa (Nepal). |
| Myristicaceae |
Myristica fragrans |
Native to the Moluccas Islands; grown in the Nilgiris, Kerala, Karnataka and West Bengal. |
Nutmeg, Mace. |
Jaatiphala, Jaatishasya, Maalatiphala (seed kernel). Jaatipatri, Jaatipatra, Jaatipatraka, Jaatikosha (mace). |
Jauzbuwaa (seed), Bisbaasaa (mace). |
Jaathikkai, Saadikai (nutmeg); Saadippatthiri, Jaadip- patiri (mace). |
| Myristicaceae |
Myristica malabarica |
Western Ghats, Kanara and Malabar. |
Malabar Nutmeg, False Nutmeg, Bombay Nutmeg, Bombay Mace. |
Paashikaa, Raamapatri, Ku-Jaavitri. Pashupaashi (Kerala). |
Pathiri, Kattu Jhadi. |
| Myrsinaceae |
Embelia ribes |
Throughout India. |
Embelia. |
Vidanga, Krmighna, Krmihara, Krmiripu, Chitratandula, Jantughna, Jantunaashana, Vella, Amogha. |
Baobarang, Barang Kaabuli. |
Vaayuvidangam. |
| Myrsinaceae |
Embelia robusta |
Throughout greater part of India. |
Vidanga (allied species) Substitute for Embelia ribes . |
Baayabirang. |
| Myrsinaceae |
Myrsine africana |
Outer Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and in Khasi Hills at ,m. |
Vaayavidanga (substi- tute). ( Embelia ribes is the authentic source of Vidanga.) |
Bebrang (Punjab), Kakhum, Shamshaad (according to Unani reference books, Shamshaad is obtained from a Pinaceae tree). |
| Myrtaceae |
Eucalyptus globules |
Native to Australia; now cultivated mainly at the hill-stations of India. |
Blue-Gum tree, Australian Gum tree. |
Tilaparna, Tailaparna, Sugandhapatra, Haritaparna Neela- niryaasa, Tribhandi, Triputaa, Sar- alaa, Suvahaa, Rechani, Nishotraa. |
Neelgiri oil. |
Karpooramaram. |
| Myrtaceae |
Eugenia uniflora |
Native to South Amer- ica; cultivated in gardens; now naturalized in some parts of In- |
| Myrtaceae |
Feijoa sellowiana |
Indigenous to western Paraguay, southern Brazil, Uruguay and parts of Argentina; cultivated in South India in Nilgiris and Kodaikanal hills. |
Feijoa, Pineapple Guava, New Zealand Banana. |
| Myrtaceae |
Melaleuca leucadendron |
Indegenous to Burma, Cambodia, Thailand, Malay Peninsula to Australia; grown in Indian gardens and parks. |
Cajeput tree, Swamp Tea tree, White Tea tree. |
Kaayaaputi. (Theoilof Cajeput is imported into India, chiey from France and Netherlands.) |
| Myrtaceae |
Myrtus communis |
Cultivated in gardens of Northwestern India and Tamil Nadu. |
Myrtle, Clove Myrtle, Spanish Myrtle. |
Habb-ul-Aas, Muurad, Muurad-daan. |
Vilaayati Mehndi. Sutrasowa (Bengal). Kulinaval (Tamil Nadu). |
| Myrtaceae |
Pimenta dioica |
Native to West Indies and tropical America; grown in Indian gardens; in Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Bangalore. |
Allspice tree, Jamaica Pepper tree, Pimento tree. |
| Myrtaceae |
Psidium guajava |
Native to Central America; cultivated chiey in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Bihar, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh. |
Guava |
Peruka (non-classical), Amaruuda. |
Koyya. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium aromaticum |
Cultivated in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. |
Clove. |
Lavanga, Devakusum, Devapushpa, Shrisangya, Shripra- suunaka. |
Qaranful, Laung. |
Kiraambu, Lavangam. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium cerasoideum |
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa and Assam up to m and in the Western Ghats up to m. |
Bhumi Jambu. |
Rai Jaamun, Dugdugiaa; Topaakudaa (Bihar), Peeta-jaam (Orissa). |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium cuminii |
Cultivated throughout India up to ,m. |
Java Plum, Jambolan, Black Plum. |
Jambu, Mahaaphalaa, Phalendraa, Surabhipatra. (Fruit black.) |
Jaamun |
Naaval. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium hemisphericum |
South India, particularly in the Nilgiri, Palni and Annamalai hills and Western Ghats. |
Vellai Naval. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium jambos |
Cultivated in many parts of India. |
Rose Apple. |
Raaj-Jambu. (Fruits pale yellow or pinkish white). |
Peru Navel. |
Gulaabjaamun. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium malaccense |
Cultivated in Bengal and South India, chiey in gardens. |
Malay Apple, Mountain Apple. |
| Myrtaceae |
Syzygium zeylanicum |
Maharshtra, Mysore, Kerala, Orissa and Andaman Islands. |
Marungi. |
Bhedas (Maharashtra). |
| Nyctaginaceae |
Boerhavia diffusa |
Throughout India as a weed. |
Horse-purslane, Hogweed. |
Rakta-punarnavaa, Punarnavaa, Katthilla, Shophaghni, Shothaghni. Varshaabhu (also equated with Trianthema portu- lacastrum Linn., which exhibits anti-inammatory, antipyretic and analgesic activity). |
Itsit, Bishkhaparaa. |
Mookkirattai. |
Gadaha-purnaa. |
| Nyctaginaceae |
Boerhavia verticillata |
Throughout plains of India. |
Shveta Punarnavaa, Vrshchiva, Vrshchiraka. (Vrishchira is also equated with Trianthema sp.) B. erecta, synonym B. punarnava Saha and Krishnamurthy, is also equated with the white-owered species of Boerhavia. |
| Nyctaginaceae |
Mirabilis jalapa |
North-West Himalayas, Bengal and Manipur. |
Four-OClock Plant, Marvel of Peru. |
Trisandhi. |
Gul-abbaas. |
Andhimalligai. |
| Nyctaginaceae |
Pisonia aculeata |
The sea coast in Peninsular India, also in the Andaman Islands. |
Karindu. |
Baghachuur (Bengal). |
| Nyctaginaceae |
Pisonia grandis |
Cultivated in gardens in Chennai and other places near the sea on both east and west coasts. |
Lettuce tree. |
Chandi keerai, Leechai kottai keerai, Nachu Kottai keerai. |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Euryale ferox |
Kashmir, Bihar, Rajasthan, Assam, Manipur, Tripura, Bengal and Uttar Pradesh, in lakes and ponds. |
Gorgan Nut, Fox Nut. |
Makhaann, Paaniyapha- la, Padma-bijaabha, Ankalodya. |
Makhaanaa. |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Nelumbo nucifera |
Throughout warmer parts of India, up to ,m. |
East Indian Lotus, Sacred Lotus. |
Kamala, Padma, Nalina, Aravinda, Jalaja, Raajeeva, Pushkara, Ambuja, Abja, Pankaja. Pundarika (whitish), kokanada (red), Indivara (Bluish). |
Used as a substitute for Nilofar. |
Thaamarai, Ambel. |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Nymphaea alba |
Kashmir (in lakes). |
European White Water-lily. |
Kumuda, Utpala (white- owered var.) (Mahotpla is the synonym of Nelumbo nucifera. ) |
Nilofar. |
Alli (water lilies). |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Nymphaea rubra |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Indian Red Water-lily. |
Kumuda, utpala (red-owered var.). |
Alli-tamarai, Vellam- bal. |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Nymphaea stellata |
A native to Southeast Asia; found in ponds and ditches throughout India. |
Indian Blue Water-lily. |
Nilotpala (blue or voilet-owered var.). |
Nilofar. |
Neelothpalam. |
| Nymphaeaceae |
Victoria regia |
Native to South America; grown in pools in botanic gardens. |
Royal Waterlily. Water Maize (seeds). |
Brihat-patra Kamal. |
| Obleaceae |
Osmanthus fragrans |
Native to China and Japan. Found in Kumaon, Garhwal and Sikkim. |
Vasuka (Also equated with Brihat Bakula.) |
Silang, Silingi, Bagahul, Buuk. |
| Ochnaceae |
Ochna jabotapita |
Assam, Bihar, Orissa and Deccan Peninsula. Often cultivated in parks and gardens. |
Chilanti, Sherundi. |
Kanaka Champaa. (Bhuin- champaa, Bhuumi-champaka ( Ochna pumila ). |
| Olacaceae |
Olax scandens |
Sub-Himalayas tract of Kumaon and Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Deccan and Western Ghats. |
Dheniaani, Karbudaar (doubtful synonym). |
Malliveppam, Kadalranchi. |
Rimil-beeri (Bihar). |
| Olacaceae |
Ximenia americana |
Both the Peninsulas and the Andaman Islands. |
Tallow-Wood, False Sandal-Wood. |
Chiru-illantai, Kadaranji, Siruyilandai. |
| Olaeaceae |
Olea europaea |
Native of Mediterranean region; cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. |
Olive. |
Zaitoon. |
| Oleaceae |
Fraxinus griffithii |
Arunachal Pradesh (Mishmi Hills). |
| Oleaceae |
Fraxinus hookery |
F. excelsior Linn.Great Britain, Europe and North America. F. hookery Western Himalaya at ,,m. |
European Ash, Weeping Ash. |
Kum, Sum, Hum, Sinnun (Punjab, Kashmir). |
| Oleaceae |
Fraxinus ornus |
Indigenous to the coasts of the Mediterranean from Spain to Smyrna |
Flake Manna |
Turanjeen |
| Oleaceae |
grandiflorum |
North-Western Himalayas and Persia; cultivated in Kumaon, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh; in gardens throughout India. |
Spanish Jasmine. |
Jaati, Jaatikaa, Jaatimalli, Pravaaljaati, Saumanasyaayani, Sumanaa, Chetikaa, Hriddgandhaa, Maalati, Chameli. |
Yaasmin. |
Manmadabanam, Mullai, Padar-malligai, Pichi, Malli |
Chameli. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum angustifolium |
South India. |
Wild Jasmine. |
Bana-mallikaa, Vana- malli, Kaanan-mallikaa, Aasphotaa. |
Kaatumalli. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum auriculatum |
Cultivated throughout India, especially in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In Uttar Pradesh, cultivated on commercial scale in Ghazipur, Jaunpur, Farrukhabad and Kannauj for its fragrant owers which yield an essential oil. |
Yuuthikaa, Yuuthi, Mugdhee. |
Usimalligai. |
Juuhi. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum heterophyllum |
Assam, Mizoram, Meghalaya and Western Ghats. |
Maalati (var.). |
Ramabanam mullai. |
Chameli (var.). |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum humile |
Nepal, North Bengal, Assam hills, Khasi hills and Manipur. |
Svarna-yuuthikaa (var.). |
Juuhi (yellow var.). |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum malabaricum |
Sub-tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal and in the Nilgiris, Palni Hills, Western Ghats and Kerala. |
Yellow Jasmine, Nepal Jasmine, Italian Jasmine. |
Svarna-yuuthikaa, Svarnajaati, Hemapushpikaa, Vaasanti. |
Semmalligai. |
Juuhi (yellow var.). |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum multiflorum |
Deccan, West Coast, Western Ghats and in the Nilgiris. |
Mudgara. |
Mogaraa (var.), Ran-mogaraa. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum officinale |
Sub-Himalayan tract and in moist forests of Western Ghats. |
Downy Jasmine. |
Kunda, KasturiMogaraa. |
Magarandam, Malli. |
Kasturi Mogaraa. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum rottlerianum |
Western Peninsula, from Konkan southwards to Kerala |
Vana-mallikaa |
Erumaimullai, Kattumalligei, Uyyakondan |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum sambac |
Western Peninsula, from Konkan southwards to Kerala. |
Vana-mallikaa. |
Erumaimullai, Kattumalligei, Uyyakondan. |
| Oleaceae |
Jasminum flexile |
Cultivated throughout India, especially in Uttar Pradesh, on a large scale in Jaunpur, Kannauj, Ghazipur and Farrukhabad for its fragrant owers. |
Arabian Jasmine, Tuscan Jasmine, Double Jasmine. |
Mallikaa, Madayanti, Madyantikaa, Nava-Mallikaa, Shita-bhiru, Vaarshiki. |
Mograa. Siddha Malligai. |
Belaa, Motiaabelaa; Mogaraa (Maharashtra). |
| Oleaceae |
Myxopyrum serratulum |
Western Ghats. |
Chathuravalli, Chathuramulla (Kerala). Hem-maalati. |
| Oleaceae |
Nyctanthes arbor-tristis |
Outer Himalaya, Assam, West Bengal; cultivated in many parts of India. |
Tree of Sorrow, Night Jasmine, Coral Jasmine. |
Paarijaata, Shephaali, Shephaalikaa, Mandaara. |
Harasingaar. Siddha Pavazha mattigai. |
| Oleaceae |
Schrebera swientenioides |
Tropical and sub- tropical Himalayas from Kumaon eastwards; also Bihar, West Bengal and Peninsular India, up to ,m. |
Weavers Beam tree. |
Muskakaa. (Mokshaka, Ghantaa-Paatali, Kaashthapaatalaa are varieties of Paatalaa.) |
Mogalingum. |
| Oleaceae |
Syringa vulgaris |
Cultivated in gardens in the hills. |
Common Lilac. |
| Onagraceae |
Jussiaea suffruticosa |
A native of the New World; found in marshy elds in India. |
Jala-lavanga, Bhuu- lavanga, Bana-laung. |
Nirkkrambu. |
| Onagraceae |
Jussiaea tenella |
Watery and swampy places in Bihar and Orissa and in some parts of South India. |
Jala-lavanga (var.). |
| Onagraceae |
Oenothera odorata |
Native to Chile; cultivated as a garden plant in South Australia. Introduced into Indian gardens. |
Evening Primrose (var.); Sundrop (var.). |
| Ophioglossaceae |
Ophioglossum vulgatum |
Moist meadows in Great Britain. Found in the Himalayas, Bihar, Assam, Pune (Maharashtra), Annamalai and Shevaroy hills (South India); up to an altitude of ,m. |
English Adders Tongue. Serpants Tongue. |
| Orchidace |
Saccolabium papillosum |
The outer range of Himalayas from Uttar Pradesh eastwards to Sikkim and Assam. |
Naakuli (substitute), Vrkshaadani (var.). |
Raasanaa, Naakuli, Gandha- lataa. |
| Orchidaceae |
Dendrobium ovatum |
The Western Ghats. |
Jivanti (substitute.) |
Nagli (Maharashtra) |
| Orchidaceae |
Eulophia campestris |
Throughout greater part of India, mostly in the plains. |
Amrita, Sudhaa-muuli, Munjaataka (Salep var.) Saalam- misri (substitute). Munjaataka and Saalam-misri have been equated with Orchis latifolia Linn. of the same family. |
| Orchidaceae |
Eulophia herbacea |
Western Himalayas, Bengal and Western parts of Deccan Peninsula. |
Salep (var.). |
Munjaataka (substitute), Saalam-misri (substitute). |
| Orchidaceae |
Eulophia nuda |
Tropical Himalayas from Nepal eastward to Assam, and in Deccan from Konkan southwards. |
Baalakanda, Amarkan- da, Maalaakanda. |
Ambarkanda (Maharashtra). |
| Orchidaceae |
Eulophia pratensis |
Pasture lands of Deccan from Konkan southwards. |
Salep (var.). |
Sataavari (Maharashtra). |
| Orchidaceae |
Habenaria edgeworthii |
Outer range of Western Himalayas from Punjab to Kumaon. |
Riddhi. (Tubers of Eulophia nuda Lindl. and Dioscorea bulbifera are also used as Riddhi.) |
| Orchidaceae |
Habenaria intermedia |
The Himalayan region. Found in Ranikhet. |
Riddhi, Vriddhi. (Substitute: Dioscorea bulbifera. ) |
| Orchidaceae |
Lipasis rostrata |
Jivaka-Rshabhaka (bulbs of Microstylis wallichi Lindl. and M. musifera, also of other orchids, are sold as Jivaka-Rshabhaka). |
| Orchidaceae |
Microstylis musifera |
Northern Himalayas at altitudes of ,to ,m. |
Jivaka, Madhura, Shranga, Hriswaanga, Kurcha, Shirraka. (Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa. ) |
| Orchidaceae |
Microstylis wallichii |
Northern Himalayas at altitudes of ,to ,m. |
Rshabhaka, Rshabha, Rshabham, Vrishabh, Dhira, Vishani. (Substitute: Pueraria tuberosa. ) |
| Orchidaceae |
Nervilia aragoana |
Tropical Himalayas from Garhwal eastwards at altitudes of ,,m and in Bihar, Konkan, North Kanara and Travancore. |
Padmachaarini, Shankhaaluka. (Sthala Kamala is a doubtful synonym.) |
| Orchidaceae |
Orchis latifolia |
Kashmir to Nepal at altitudes of ,,m in damp places. |
Orchis, Salep. |
Munjaataka, Saalam- misri, Saalam-panjaa. ( Eulophia campestris Wall. is also equated with Munjaataka.) |
Saaleb, Khusyaat-us-Saalab, Saalab Misri. Siddha Silamishri. |
| Orchidaceae |
Pholidota articulata |
Jivanti (substitute). (Dendrobium macraei Lindl. is also used as a substitute for Jivanti. Jivanti is equated with Leptadenia reticulata W. & A.) |
| Orchidaceae |
Vanda roxburghii |
From Uttar Pradesh to West Bengal, extending southwards to Kerala. |
Raasnaa (used in Eastern India). Pluchea lanceolata is the accepted source of Raasnaa. Throughout South India Alpinia galanga is used as Raasnaa. |
Baandaa-Raasnaa. |
| Orchidaceae |
Vanda spathulata |
Kerala. |
Svarna-pushpa Bandaa, Baandaa. |
Ponnampomaraiva (Kerala). |
| Osmundaceae |
Osmunda regalis |
The Himalayas, Khasi hills and the Western Ghats at altitudes of ,,m. |
Royal Fern. |
| Oxalidaceae |
Averrhoa bilimbi |
Native to Malaysia; cultivated throughout the country. |
Bilimbi, Tree Sorrel. |
Karmaranga (var.). |
Belambu (a variety of Kamrakh). |
Pilimbi, Pulichakkai. |
| Oxalidaceae |
Averrhoa carambola |
Native to Malaysia; cultivated throughout the warmer parts of India, especially in Kerala. |
| Oxalidaceae |
Biophytum sensitivum |
Throughout tropical India. |
Lajjaalu (var.) Vipareet Lajjaalu (non-classical), Alam- bushaa (Hindi commentators have equated it with Gorakh Mun- di, Sphaeranthus indicus Linn., Asteraceae. ) |
Lajoni, Jhalai, Lakajana. |
| Oxalidaceae |
Oxalis acetosella |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim from , to , m and Nilgiris in Tamil Nadu |
Common Wood-Sorrel |
Chaangeri (related species) |
Tinpatiyaa, Amrul |
| Oxalidaceae |
Oxalis corniculata |
Throughout the warmer parts of India. |
Indian Sorrel. |
Chaangeri, Am- lapatrikaa, Amlikaa, Chukraa, Chukrikaa, Chhatraamlikaa. |
Ambutaa bhaaji, Amutaa saag. |
Puliyarai. |
Tinpatiyaa, Ambilonaa. |
| Paeoniaceae |
Paeonia emodi |
Northwestern Himalaya from Kashmir to Kumaon at , ,m. |
Himalayan Paeony. |
Ood Saleeb, Ood Gharqi, Phaavaaniaa. |
Rootused in nervous aec- tions, uterine diseases, as a blood purier. Flowerantidiarrhoeal. Seedemetic, cathartic. Plant CNS depressant, hypothermic, diuretic, anti-inammatory. The root contains an essential oil, with salicylaldehyde as the chief com- ponent, a xed oil, benzoic acid and sucrose. The plant gave Gallo tannin and glucogallin. |
| Paeoniaceae |
Paeonia officinalis |
Indigenous to Great Britain. |
Paeony. |
Ood Saleeb, Ood Gharqi. |
| Palmae |
Areca catechu |
Native to Malaysia; now grown along thecoastsof Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Assam and Maharashtra. |
Arecanut, Betel Nut. |
Puuga, Puugi, Kramuka, Ghontaa, Guwaak, Ghorant. |
Fufal, Chhaalia, Supaari. |
Kottai Paakku, Kamugu. |
| Palmae |
Borassus flabellifer |
Coastal areas of Bengal, Bihar and Western and Eastern Peninsula. |
Palmyra Palm, Brab tree. |
| Palmae |
Calamus rotang |
Central and South India. |
Rotang, Rattan, Chair Bottom Cane. |
Vetra, Abhrapushpa. |
Pirambu. |
| Palmae |
Calamus tenuis |
The sub-Himalayan tract from Dehra Dun to Assam. |
Bareilly Cane. |
Vetra (var.) (Vetasa, Salix caprea Linn., is a dierent drug). |
| Palmae |
Calamus travancoricus |
Deccan peninsula, from Malabar to Travancore. |
Cane. |
Vetra. |
Pirambu. |
| Palmae |
Cocos nucifera |
Cultivated chiey in Kerala, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. |
Coconut Palm. |
| Palmae |
Daemonorops draco |
Indo-Malayan region. The resin is imported into India mostly from Sumatra and Borneo. |
East Indian Dragons Blood. |
Raktaniryaas, Khoon- kharaabaa, Heeraadokhi. |
Damm-ul-Akhwain. |
| Palmae |
Daemonorops jenkinsianus |
Assam, Khasi Hills and Sikkim. |
Vetra (related species of Calamus tenuis Roxb.) |
| Palmae |
Phoenix dactylifera |
Cultivated in Punjab and Rajasthan. |
Date Palm. |
Kharjuura, Kharjuuraka, Kharjuurikaa. Pindakharjuurikaa. Chhuhaaraa (dry date). Pindakhar- juura is the fruit of Phoenix acaulis Roxb. |
Khurmaa, Khajuur, Chhuharaa. |
Perichchankay, Ita. |
| Palmae |
Phoenix paludosa |
Coastal swamps of West Bengal (particularly Sundarbans), Orissa and the Andamans. |
Hintala. |
Hital (Orissa), Hintalamu (Telugu). |
| Palmae |
Phoenix pusilla |
Coromandel Coast. |
Parushaka (Kerala). ( Grewia asiatica Linn., Tiliaceae, is also equated with Parushaka.) |
Kalangu, Ithi, Sagi. |
| Palmae |
Phoenix sylvestris |
Andhra Pradesh, Karnata- ka and Madhya Pradesh. |
Wild Date Palm. |
Kharjuuri. |
Periyaitcham, Icham. |
Sulemaani Khajuur, Desi Khajuur. |
| Palmae |
Seronoa repens |
Southeastern North America. |
Sabal, Saw Palmetto |
| Pandanaceae |
Pandanus facicularis |
Sea coast of the Indian Peninsula on both sides, and the Andaman Islands. |
Screw Pine. |
Ketaka, Ketaki, Suuchikaa pushpaa, Jambuka, Trinshunya, Ketakark, Krakchhada. |
Keoraa. |
Thazhai, Thalay. |
| Pandanaceae |
Pandanus utilis |
Native of Malagasy; grown in Indian gardens. |
Ketaki (related species). |
| Papaveraceae |
Argemone mexicana |
Native to America; naturalized throughout India. |
Prickly Poppy, Mexican Poppy. |
Katuparni, Svarnkshiri, Kaanchan-kshiri, Pitadugdhaa. Hemaahvaa, Himaavati, Hemavati. (Not to be equated with Brah- madandi Tricholepis glaberrima .) |
Satyaanaashi. |
Piramathandu, Kudiyotti. |
| Papaveraceae |
Corydalis govaniana |
The West Himalayas, from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Bhootakeshi (a doubt- ful substitute for Bhootajataa, Nardostachys jatamansi DC.) Species of Selinum are also used as Bhootakeshi. |
| Papaveraceae |
Dicentra canadensis |
The Himalayas from Kumaon to Khasia Hills. Cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Squirrel Corn. (A related species, Corydalis cucullaria, known as Turkey Pea, occurs in Canada and the USA.) |
| Papaveraceae |
Hypecoum leptocarpum |
Mediterranean region and temperate Asia. (Allied species: H. pendulum Linn. and H. procumbens Linn., found in Peshavar, Multan, Waziristan and Baluchistan). Occurs in Sikkim. |
Zirgulaki, Waziri. |
| Papaveraceae |
Meconopsis aculeata |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon, between ,,m. |
Blue Poppy. |
Gul-e-Nilam (Kashmir), Gudi, Kunda, Kanderi (Punjab), Kalihaari (Himachal). |
| Papaveraceae |
Papaver rhoeas |
Kashmir and throughout the plains of North India; cultivated in gardens. |
Corn Poppy, Red Poppy. |
Rakta Posta. |
Sivappu, Kasakasa. |
Laal Posta, Laal Kaskas. |
| Papaveraceae |
Papaver somniferum |
Native to Asia; now grown in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan and Madhya Pradesh. |
Opium Poppy. |
Ahiphena, Aaphuuka. Post-daanaa (seed). |
Afyum. Tukhm-e- khashkhaash (seed). |
Kasakasa (seeds). |
| Papilionaceae |
Abrus precatorius Linn |
Throughout the country, ascending to an altitude of about ,m in the outer Himalayas. |
Indian Wild Liquorice, Jequirity, Crabs Eye, Precatory Bean. |
Gunjaa, Gunjaka, Chirihintikaa, Raktikaa, Chirmi- ti, Kakanti, Kabjaka, Tiktikaa, Kaakananti, Kaakchinchi. (Not to be used as a substitute for liquorice.) |
Ghunghchi, Ghamchi. |
Kunri. |
Chirmiti, Ratti. |
| Papilionaceae |
Alhagi pseudalhagi |
Thedrierpartsof Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Uttar Pradesh. |
Camel Thorn, Persian Manna Plant. |
Yavaasaka, Yavaasa, Yaasa, Duhsparshaa, Duraalab- haa, Kunaashak. Substitute for Dhanvayaasa. Yaasa-sharkaraa (Alhagi-manna). |
Jawaansaa. Turanjabeen (Alhagi-manna). |
Punaikanjuri, Kan- chori. |
| Papilionaceae |
Arachis hypogaea |
Native to Brazil, but widely grown for its pods in southern India, Maharashtra and Gujarat. |
Groundnut, Peanut, Monkeynut. |
Mandapi, Tailamudga, Bhuumimudga. |
Moongphali. |
Nelakadalai, Verkadalai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Atylosia goensis |
Subtropical tract of Assam, Maharashtra and Kerala, up to m. |
Maashaparni (substi- tute). |
Peruvidukol. |
| Papilionaceae |
Atylosia scarabaeoides |
Throughout India; up to ,m in the western Himalayas. |
Vana-kulattha. |
Jangli Tur, Kulthi. |
| Papilionaceae |
Butea monosperma |
Throughout India, up to ,m except in very arid regions. |
Flame of the Forest, Butea Gum, Bengal Kino. |
Paalasha, Kimshuka, Raktapushpaka, Kshaarshreshtha, Brahmavriksha, Samidvar. |
Dhaak, Samagh Dhaak, Kamarkas. |
Palasam, Purasus. |
Tesu. |
| Papilionaceae |
Butea superba |
Central and Southern India. |
Lataa-Palaash (orange or orange scarlet-owered var.). |
| Papilionaceae |
Cajanus cajan |
Cultivated as pulse crop, chiey in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh and Karnataka. |
Pigeon Pea, Red Gram. |
Aadhaki, Tuvari, Tuvara, Shanapushpikaa. |
Arhar. |
Thuvarai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Cicer arietinum |
Cultivated in most parts of India. |
Bengal Gram, Chick pea. |
Chanaka, Chanakaa, Harimantha, Vajimantha, Jivan, Sakal-priya. |
Nakhud. |
Kadalai, Mookkuk- kadalai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Clitoria ternatea |
Throughout India in tropical areas; also cultivated in hedges. |
Buttery Pea, Winged- leaved Clitoria, Mezereon. |
Girikarnikaa, Aparaa- jitaa, Aasphota, Girimallikaa, Girikanyaa, Kokilaa,Yonipushpaa, Vishnukraantaa. ( Evolvulus alsi- noides Linn. is also known as Vishnukraantaa, Vishnukranti). Used as Shankhapushpi in the South. |
Mezereon Hindi. |
Kakkanam. |
Koyal (Punjab). |
| Papilionaceae |
Crotalaria juncea |
Throughout the plains of India, especially in South India. |
Sun Hemp. |
Shana, Shanapushpi, Malyapushpa. |
Sunn. |
Sanal, Manji, Sannappu. |
Jhanjhaniaa. |
| Papilionaceae |
Crotalaria verrucosa |
Tropical regions of India from Himalayas to Sri Lanka. |
Shanapushpi. Shana (var.). |
Sanal, Sannappu. |
Sanai, Jhanjhaniaa. |
| Papilionaceae |
Cytisus scoparius |
Mild climatic regions of south and central Europe, north Africa and West Asia. C. scoparius is fairly common in and around Oatacmund (Nilgiris) and is found wild as a garden escape. It grows also in Simla and neighbouring places. An allied species, C. monspessulanus Linn., White Broom, also occurs in the Nilgiri hills. |
Broom, Scotch Broom, Yellow Broom. |
Broom. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia lanceolaria |
The sub-Himalayan tract, ascending up to m, and throughout India. |
Erigai, Navelangu. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia latifolia |
Bengal, Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Western Peninsula. |
East Indian Rosewood, Bombay Blackwood. |
Shimshapaa (related sp.) |
Sheesham. |
Itti, Eravadi, Karun- doroiral. |
Sisu. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia sissoides |
Throughout India, especially in the South. |
Malabar Blackwood. |
Kushimshapaa. (Shimshapaa related species). |
Vel-itti. |
Sisam. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia sissoo |
The sub-Himalayan tract, up to , m from Indus to Assam and in plains throughout India |
Sissoo, South Indian Redwood, Sissoo. |
Shimshapaa, Krishnashimshapaa, Picchila |
Seesham |
Irupoolai |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia sympathetica |
Common in Maharashtra and Karnataka. |
Tibali (Goa), Pentagul (Maharashtra). |
| Papilionaceae |
Dalbergia volubilis |
Central and Eastern Himalayas, Uttar Pradesh and Orissa. |
Gorakhi. |
Punali. |
Bankharaa, Bhatiaa. |
| Papilionaceae |
Desmodium gangeticum |
Ascending to ,m on the Himalaya; common on lower hills and plains throughout India. |
Shaaliparni, Shaalaparni, Sthiraa, Somyaa, Guhaa, Triparni, Vidaarigandha, Anshumati. Also used as Prshniparni. ( Uraria picta Desv., Prshniparni, is used as a substitute for Shaalaparni.) |
Pulladi, Sirupulladi Moovilai (root). |
Sarivan. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dolichos biflorus |
A pulse crop, particularly in Madras, Mysore, Mumbai and Hyderabad. |
Horsegram. |
Kulattha, Kulittha, Khalva, Vardhipatraka. |
Kulthi. |
Kollu, Kaanam. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dolichos falcatus |
The Himalayas from Kumaon to Khasi Hills and in Western Peninsula. |
Kulatthikaa. |
| Papilionaceae |
Dolichos lablab |
Cultivated throughout India |
Indian Butter Bean, Lablab Bean, Horsebean |
Nishpaav, Sem |
Lab Laab, Semphali |
Avarin |
| Papilionaceae |
Erythrina indica |
Grown as an ornamental. |
Indian Coral tree. |
Paaribhadra, Paarib- hadraka, Paarijaataka, Mandaara, Dadap. Kantaki-palaasha, Kant- kimshuka, Raktapushpa; Nimba- taru. ( Erythrina suberosa Roxb. is also equated with Paaribhadra.) |
Kaliyanamurukkan. |
Farhad. |
| Papilionaceae |
Erythrina stricta |
Assam, Manipur, West Bengal and South India. |
Muraa (controversial). |
Mullu-murukku. |
| Papilionaceae |
Glycine max |
Native to South East Asia; now cultivated as pulse crop mainly in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Naga Hills, Mainpur and Kashmir. |
Soybean, Soya. |
Soyabean, Raam Kurthi, Bhat. |
| Papilionaceae |
Glycyrrhiza glabra |
Native to the Mediter- ranean regions. Now grown in Punjab, Jammu and Kashmir and South India. |
Licorice, Liquorice. |
Yashtimadhu, Mad- huyashtyaahvaa, Madhuli, Mad- huyashtikaa, Atirasaa, Madhurasaa, Madhuka, Yastikaahva, Yashtyaah- va, Yashti, Yashtika, Yashtimadhuka. Klitaka(alsoequatedwith Indigofera tinctoria ). (Klitaka and Klitanakam were considered as aquatic varieties of Yashtimadhu.) |
Asl-us-soos, Mulethi. Rubb-us-soos (extract). |
Athimathuram. |
| Papilionaceae |
Lathyrus sativus |
Cultivated chiey in Madhya Pradesh, Eastern Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat. |
Chickling Vetch, Grass Pea. |
Khesaari, Latari, Kalaaya. |
| Papilionaceae |
Lavandula stoechas |
Mediterranean region and Asia Minor. Dried plant and owers are imported into Mumbai from Persian Gulf. |
Arabian or French Lavender. |
Ustukhuddus, Alfaajan. |
Dhaaru. |
| Papilionaceae |
Lens culinaris |
Native to South West Asia; cultivated as a pulse crop mainly in North India, Madhya Pradesh and some parts of Maharashtra. |
Lentil. |
Masura, Masurikaa, Mangalyaa, Mangalyak, Adaasa. |
Masoor. |
| Papilionaceae |
Medicago sativa |
Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, as a farm crop. |
Alfalfa, Lucerne. |
Alfalfa, Vilaayati- gawuth, Lasunghaas, Lusan. |
Barsem. |
| Papilionaceae |
Mucuna monosperma |
Nepal, Khasi Hills, Deccan Peninsula and the Andamans. |
Kaakaandolaa. |
Periyattalargai. |
Kaagadolia (Gujarat). |
| Papilionaceae |
Mucuna prurita |
Throughotu India, including Andaman and Nicobar Islands. |
Cowhage, Horse-eye Bean. |
Aatmaguptaa, Kapikac- chuu, Rshabhi, Adhigandhaa, Ajadaaa, Kacchuraa, Laan- guli, Rshyaproktaa, Svaguptaa, Shyaamguptaa, Markati, Kanduraa, Kevaanch, Shuukashimbi. |
Konchh. |
Poonaikkaali. |
| Papilionaceae |
Ougeinia dalbergioides |
Outer Himalayas and sub-Himalayan tract from Jammu to Bhutan up to an altitude of ,m, and extending through the whole of northern and central India into the greater part of Deccan Peninsula. |
Chariot tree, Punjab Kino. |
Tinishaa, Tinisha, Syandana, Nemi, Sarvasaara, Ashmagarbhaka, Vajjala, Chitrakrt. |
Narivengai. |
Saanan. |
| Papilionaceae |
Phaseolus aconitifolius |
Throughout India. Cultivated. |
Aconite-Bean, Moth. |
Makushtha, Moth. |
Tulukkapayir. |
| Papilionaceae |
Phaseolus adenanthus |
Throughout India, in the plains. |
Aranya-mudga. Mudga- parni (Kerala). |
Kattupayaru. |
| Papilionaceae |
Phaseolus mungo |
Kidney Bean, Black Gram. |
Maasha. ( P. sublobatus Roxb. and Teramnus labialis Spreng. areequatedwithMaashaparni; dried aerial parts are used.) Phaseolus dalzellii Cooke and P. sublobatus Roxb. are known as Maashaparni in Kerala. |
| Papilionaceae |
Phaseolus radiatus |
Extensively cultivated all over India. |
Greengram, Golden Gram. |
Mudga, Mungalya. |
Moong. |
Pattishai-payaru. |
| Papilionaceae |
Phaseolus trilobus |
Throughout India, up to an elevation of ,m in the northeast. |
Wild Gram. |
Mudgaparni, Kaaka- parni, Suuryaparni, Alpikaa, Sahaa, Kaakamudraa, Maarjaargandhikaa. ( P. adenanthus G. F. W., and Vigna pilosa Baker are used as Mudgaparni in the South. Dried aerial parts, root and seed are used.) |
Kaatupayaru. |
Jangali Moong, Mugavan. |
| Papilionaceae |
Piscidia piscipula |
Native to America; introduced in India. |
Jamaica Dogwood. |
| Papilionaceae |
Pongamia pinnata |
Western Ghats, tidal forests up to ,m. |
Pongam Oil tree, Indian Beech. |
Karanja. |
Pungam. |
| Papilionaceae |
Pseudarthria viscida |
Orissa throughout South India and Gujarat. |
Sanaparni, Shaalaparni (Kerala). |
Neermalli. |
| Papilionaceae |
Psoralea corylifolia |
Rajasthan., eastern districts of Punjab and adjoining areas of Uttar Pradesh. |
Babchi, Purple Fleabane. |
Somaraaji, Somavalli, Somavallik, Soma, Chaandri, Vaakuchi, Baakuchi, Avalguja. (Somaraaji and Avalguja have also been equated with Centratherum anthelminticum. ) |
Baabchi, Bakuchi. |
Karpoogaarisi. |
| Papilionaceae |
Pterocarpus marsupium |
Throughout the tropical zones of India in the hilly regions. |
Indian Kino tree, Malabar Kino tree. |
Asana, Bijaka, Priyaka, Pitashaala. |
Bijaysaar. |
Vengai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Pterocarpus santalinus |
Found in Cuddaph district of Andhra Pradesh, neighbouring areas of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. |
Red Sandalwood, Red Sanders. |
Raktachandana, Raktasaara. |
Sandal Surkh. |
Shivappu chandanam. |
Laal-chandan. |
| Papilionaceae |
Pueraria lobata |
Eastern Himalayas, Assam and Khasi Hills. |
Tropical Kudze. |
Vidaari (var.). |
| Papilionaceae |
Pueraria tuberosa |
Punjab, Western Uttar Pradesh, Central India. |
Indian Kudze. |
Vidaari, Swaadukandaa, Ikshugandhaa, Gajavaajipriyaa, Kandapalaasha, Bhuumikushmaan- da. (Substitute for Jivaka and Rshabhaka.) |
Bhui-kumhadaa, Suraal. |
| Papilionaceae |
Rhynchosia minima |
All over plains and in the Himalayas up to ,m. |
Raan-ghevaraa (smaller var.) (Maharashtra); Jhinki, Kammervel (Gujarat); Chittavarai (Tamil Nadu). |
| Papilionaceae |
Sesbania bispinosa |
Western Himalayas and plains, southwards to Peninsular India. |
Prickly Sesban, Dhaincha. |
Jayanti (var.), Itkata (var.). |
Mudchembai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Sesbania grandiflora |
Native to tropical Asia; grown in Assam, Bengal, Punjab, Vadodara, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Agati Sesban, Swamp Pea. |
Agastya, Agasti, Munidrum, Munitaru, Muni, Vangasena, Vakrapushpa, Kumbha. |
Agatti. |
| Papilionaceae |
Sesbania sesban |
Cultivated and wild throughout India. |
Common Sesban. |
Jayantikaa, Jayanti, Jayaa, Jwaalaamukhi, Suukshma-muulaa, Suukshma-patraa, Keshruuhaa, Balaamotaa. |
Sembai, Karum- sembai (leaf). |
Jainta. |
| Papilionaceae |
Sophora japonica |
Kashmir; also introduced into forest Research Institute, Dehra Dun. |
Japanese Pagoda tree, Chinese Scholar tree, Umbrella tree. |
| Papilionaceae |
Sophora mollis |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Himalayan Laburnum. |
| Papilionaceae |
Sutherlandia frutescens |
Native to South Africa; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Bladdersenna, Cancerwort, Cape Baloon Pea. |
| Papilionaceae |
Taverniera cuneifolia |
Plains of Punjab, Gujarat and the Deccan in waste places. |
East Indian Moneywort. |
Jethi-madh (Maharashtra). |
| Papilionaceae |
Tephrosia purpurea |
All over India; also grown as green manure and as cover crop. |
Purple Tephrosia, Wild Indigo. |
Sharapunkhaa, Vishikha-punkhaa, Sarphokaa. |
Sarponkhaa, Sarphukaa. |
Kattu-kolingi, Kolingi, Paavali, Mollukkay, Kollukkayvelai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Teramnus labialis |
Punjab, eastwards to Bengal, extending southwards into Peninsular India. |
Maashaparni, Mahaasa- haa, Suuryaasani, Lomash-parni, Kaamboja, Krishna-vrintaa. (In Kerala dierent species of Vigna are used as Maashaparni.) |
Kattu-ulandu. |
| Papilionaceae |
Trifolium pratense |
Kashmir to Garhwal at ,,m, and the Nilgiris. |
Red Clover. |
Ispast, Berseem, Clover (equated with T. alexandricum Linn.) |
Trepatra (Punjab). |
| Papilionaceae |
Trigonella corniculata |
Kashmir to Sikkim, and in Bihar and West Bengal. Cultivated in North India. |
Pirang. |
Kasuri Methi, Maarwaari Methi, Champaa Methi. |
| Papilionaceae |
Trigonella foenum-graecum |
Widely cultivated in many parts of India. |
Fenugreek. |
Methikaa, Methi, Vastikaa, Selu, Methini, Dipani, Bahupatrikaa, Bodhaini, Gand- haphala. |
Hulbaa, Methi. |
| Papilionaceae |
Trigonella uncata |
Afghanistan, Persia. |
Tonkin Bean, Melilot, Kings Crown. |
Iklil-ul-Malik (also equated with Melilotus alba Desv., and Astragalus homosus Linn.). |
Sainji (white-owered var.). |
| Papilionaceae |
Uraria alopecuroides |
Grasslands and forest- glades from Uttar Pradesh to Assam and in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. |
Prishniparni (related species). |
| Papilionaceae |
Uraria crinita |
Throughout Himalayas, up to an altitude of ,m and in Khasi, Aka and Lushai hills. |
Prishniparni (related sp.). |
| Papilionaceae |
Uraria lagopoides |
Grasslands of Bihar, Orissa, West Bengal and Palni Hills. |
Prishniparni. (Prish- niparni and Shaaliparni are used together in Indian medicine. Both have been equated with Uraria sp., U. lagopoides and U. picta. Siddha Moovilai. |
| Papilionaceae |
Uraria picta |
Throughout India, in dry grasslands. |
Prishniparni, Prithak- parni, Simhapushpi, Kalashi, Dhaavani, Guhaa, Chitraparni. |
| Papilionaceae |
Vicia faba |
Native to North Africa; commonly grown in North Western India. |
Broad bean, Windsor bean. |
Baaqlaa. |
| Papilionaceae |
Zornia diphylla |
Throughout plains of India, ascending up to ,m in Kumaon.West Asia. Recorded from Maharashtra. |
Samraapani (Gujarat), Dupatiyaa. |
| Papillionaceae |
Trigonella incisa |
Punjab plains and Western Himalaya, up to ,m. |
Sainji, Chini, Shirgona (Punjab), Chainhari (Delhi), Methi (related species). |
| Paplionaceae |
Melilotus indica |
Native to Eurasia; found as winter weed and cultivated for fodder in parts of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh. |
Sweet Clover, Annual Yellow Sweet Clover, Small-owered Melilot. |
Vana-methikaa. |
Ilkil-ul-Malik (yellow- owered var.). |
Ban-Methi, Senji. |
| Parmeliaceae |
Cetraria islandica |
Lichen found in the hills from Tehri Garhwal to East Nepal. |
Cetraria, Iceland Lichen, Iceland Moss. |
Shaileya (black var.) |
Charela (black var.) |
| Parmeliaceae |
Parmelia perlata |
Cultivated in Kashmir hills and the Himalayas. |
Shaileya, Shaileya- ka, Shilaapushpa, Shilaadaaru, Shailaka, Shilodbhava, Shaila, Shailpushpa. Kaalaanu-saarthaka, Bhuri-charilla, Sthavira, Vrddha, Shitashiva. |
Charelaa. |
| Passifloraceae |
Passiflora edulis |
Native of Brazil; cultivated in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Andhra Pradesh, in North India in Punjab and Himachal Pradesh. |
Purple Granadilla, Passion Fruit. |
| Passifloraceae |
Passiflora foetida |
Native to America; found willd in Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Stinking Passion Flower. |
Siru Ponaikalli. |
| Passifloraceae |
Passiflora incarnata |
Native of South-east America; grown in Indian gardens. |
Wild Passion Flower, Maypop. |
| Passifloraceae |
Passiflora laurifolia |
Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens. |
Water-lemon, Jamaica Honey Suckle. |
| Passifloraceae |
Passiflora quadrangularis |
Native of tropical America; grown in Indian gardens. |
Giant Granadilla. |
| Pedaliaceae |
Pedalium murex |
Throughout the plains of India. |
Caltrops (bigger var.). |
| Pedaliaceae |
Sesamum indicum |
Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Orissa, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, and Maharashtra. |
Sesame, Gingelly. |
Tila, Snehphala. |
Kunjad, Til. Siddha Ellu (seed), Nallennai (oil). |
| Phytolacaceae |
Rivina humilis |
Native to warmer parts of America; introduced into Indian gardens. |
Baby Pepper, Dog Blood, Blood Berry, Rouge-Plant. |
| Phytolaccaceae |
Petiveria alliacea |
Native to America; introduced into India, grown in gardens. |
| Pinaceae |
Abies pindrow |
Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Tehri-Garhwal and other areas of northern India, at altitudes of ,,m. |
Pindrow-Fir, Silver-Fir, The West-Himalayan Low-Level Fir. |
Taalisha (related sp.). |
Badar, Morinda, Raisalla, Ransla. |
| Pinaceae |
Abies webbiana |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam at altitudes of ,,m. |
Indian Silver Fir, The West-Himalayan High-Level Fir, The East-Himalayan Fir. |
Taalisa, Taalisapatra, Taalisha, Patraadhya, Dhaatriparni, Dhaatripatra. |
Taalisapattar. |
Taalispatri. |
Badar, Chilrow, Morinda, Raisalla, Taalispatra. (Tallispatra, Taalispatri and Talespattre are also equated with the leaves of Cinnamomum tamala Nees.) |
| Pinaceae |
Cedrus deodara |
North-western Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal, from ,to ,m. |
Himalayan Cedar, Deodar. |
Devadaaru, Suradru- ma, Suradaaru, Devakaashtha, Devadruma, Saptapatrika, Daaru, Bhadradaaru, Amarataru, Ama- radaaru, Daaruka, Devaahvaa, Surataru, Surabhuruha. |
Deodaar. |
Thevathaaram. |
| Pinaceae |
Juniperus communis |
Native to Europe and North America. Distributed in Western Himalayas from Kumaon westwards at , – , m |
Common Juniper |
Hapushaa, Havushaa, Haauber, Matsyagandha |
Abahal, Haauber, Hubb-ularar, Aarar |
| Pinaceae |
Juniperus virginiana |
Native to North America; introduced into India. |
Pencil Cedar, Red Cedar. |
| Pinaceae |
Larix griffithiana |
The Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Bhutan at altitudes of ,,m. |
Himalayan Larch, Sikkim Larch. |
Boargasella, Binyi (Nepal). |
| Pinaceae |
Picea smithiana |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of ,,m. |
West Himalayan Spruce. |
Roi, Rhai, Raghaa, Kathela, Kandre, Morindaa. Spruce (trade). |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus excelsa |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at ,,m, also Assam. |
Indian Blue Pine, Bhutan Pine, Five-leaved Pine. |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus gerardiana |
Northwest Himalayas from Garhwal eastwards at altitudes of ,,m. |
Neosia Pine, Edible Pine, Chilgoza Pine. |
Nikochaka. |
Chilgozaa. |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus khasya |
Assam; introduced into hills of North Bengal. |
Khasi Pine. |
Sarala var. |
Digsaa (Khasia). |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus roxburghii |
The Western and Eastern Himalayas. |
Long-leaved Pine, Three- leaved Pine, Chir Pine. |
Sarala, Pita-vriksha, Surabhidaaruka, Dhuupavriksha, Namasu. Oleo-resinShriveshtaka, Ghandh-Birojaa. |
Sanobar-ul-Hindi. Oleo- resinGandh-Bihrojaa, Qinn, Berzad. |
Simaidevadaru. |
| Pinaceae |
Pinus succinifera |
Native of northern scandinavia. |
Baltic Amber, Succinite. |
Ambar, Kahruubaa, |
| Pinaceae |
saxatillis |
Native to Europe and North America. Distributed in Western Himalayas from Kumaon westwards at ,,m. |
Common Juniper. |
Hapushaa, Havushaa, Haauber, Matsyagandha. |
Abahal, Haauber, Hubb-ul- arar, Aarar. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper attenuatum |
Eastern tropical Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills and the Nilgiris. |
Kattumilaaku. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper betle |
Cultivated in warmer and damper parts of India; Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala. |
Betel pepper. |
Taambula, Naagvallari, Naagini, Taambulvalli, Saptashiraa, Bhujangalataa. |
Paan, Tambool. |
Vetrilai Nagavalli, Kammaaruvetritai. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper chaba |
Native to Moluccas, cultivated in Indonesia, also in India. |
Java Long Pepper. |
Gajapippali (spikes of Scindapsis ocinalis, Araceae, are also known as Gajapippali), Chavya, Chavika. |
Chevuyam. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper cubeba |
Native to Indonesia; cultivated in Assam and Karnataka. |
Cubeb, Tailed Pepper. |
Kankola, Kakkola, Kankolaka, Takkola, Koraka, Kolaka, Kashphala, Sheetalchini, Chinoshana. |
Kabaabchini, Habb-ul- uruus. |
Valmilagu. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper hamiltonii |
Sikkim, Terai, West Bengal and Khasi hills, up to m. |
Wild Pepper. |
Jangali Paan. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper longum |
Warmer parts of India, from Central Himalayas to Assam, lower hills of West Bengal; Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Western Ghats from Konkan southwards to Trivandrum. Often cultivated. |
Indian Long Pepper, Joborandi. |
Pippali, Maagadhi, Maagadha, Maagadhaa, Maagad- hikaa, Magadhodbhavaa, Vaidehi, Upkulyaa, Pippalikam, Chapalaa, Kanaa, Krishnaa. Uushnaa, Shaun- di, Kolaa, Tikshna-tandulaa. |
Fill Daraaz, Daarll. |
Thippili, Arisithippili. Thippiliver (root). |
| Piperaceae |
Piper nigrum |
Native of the Indo- Malaysian region; cultivated in Western Ghats, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam and Kerala. |
Black Pepper. |
Maricha, Vellaja, Uushna, Suvrrita, Krishnaa. |
Fill Siyaah, Safed. |
Milagu. Milaguver (root). |
| Piperaceae |
Piper schmidtii |
Assam, Western Ghats, the Nilgiris and Palni hills above ,m. |
Nilgiri Pepper. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper sylvaticum |
Assam and Bengal. |
Vana-Pippali |
Pahaari Peepal |
| Piperaceae |
Piper thomsoni |
Sikkim, Bengal, Manipur, Khasi and Jaintia hills. |
Jangali Paan. |
| Piperaceae |
Piper wallichii |
Nepal, Lakhimpur and Khasi Hills in Assam. |
Wrongly equated with Sambhaaluka. (Sambhaalu has been identied as Vitex negundo. ) Renukaa is also a wrong synonym (it is equated with the seed of Vitex agnus-castus ). |
Kaattu-milagu. |
| Pittosporaceae |
Pittosporum dasycaulon |
The rain forests of South India. |
Gapasundi (Maharashtra), Boogri (Karnataka). |
| Pittosporaceae |
Pittosporum floribundum |
Subtropical Himalayas, Ganjam, Konkan, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris. |
Kattu Sampangi. |
Tumari. Vikhaari, Vekhali (Maharashtra). |
| Plantaginaceae |
bauphula |
Punjab, Rajasthan and Delhi. |
Brown Ispaghula. |
Aspaghol. |
| Plantaginaceae |
Plantago amplexicaulis |
Punjab, Rajasthan and Delhi |
Brown Ispaghula |
Aspaghol |
| Plantaginaceae |
Plantago lanceolata |
Western Himalayas, from Kashmir to Garhwal and Simla. |
Rib Grass, Ribwort Plan- tain, English Plantain, Buckhorn Plantain. |
Baartang, Aspaghol. |
Balatang. |
| Plantaginaceae |
Plantago major |
The temperate and alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of ,m. |
Broadleaf Plantain. |
Ashvagola (var.). |
Isabgol. |
| Plantaginaceae |
Plantago ovata |
Cultivated in parts of Rajasthan and Maharashtra. |
Ispaghula, Spogel seeds, Blond Psyllium. |
Ashvagola. Ashwakarna (also equated with Shorea robusta ). |
Aspaghol. |
Isapppa. |
Isabgol. |
| Platanaceae |
Platanus orientalis |
Native to eastern Mediter- raneanregion; cultivatedinKashmir and North-western Himalayas at ,,m. |
Oriental Plane, Oriental Sycamore. European Plane tree. |
Chinaar, Buin (Kashmir and Punjab). |
| Plumbaginaceae |
Plumbago capensis |
Native to South Africa; grown in gardens in India. |
Nila-chitraka (blue- owered var.). (Bears pale-blue owers.) |
| Plumbaginaceae |
Plumbago indica |
Indigenous to Sikkim and khasi hills, grown in Indian gardens. |
Rose-coloured Leadwort. |
Rakta-chitraka (red- owered var.). |
Chittramoolam. |
| Plumbaginaceae |
Plumbago zeylanica |
Cultivated in gardens throughout India; also found wild in Peninsular India. |
Ceylon Leadwort, Leadwort. |
Chitraka, Agni, Vahni, Jvalanaakhya, Krshaanu, Hutaasha, Dahana, Sikhi. |
Sheetraj Hindi. |
Chittramoolam. |
| Poaceae |
Andropogon muricatus |
All over India. |
Vetiver, Cuscus. |
Ushira. |
Khas. Siddha Vettiveru. |
| Poaceae |
Chloris gayana |
Annual grass introduced into India from South Africa; cultivatedintropicalandsubtropical low-lying areas where rainfall is less than cm. |
Giant Rhodes, Rhodes- Grass. |
Rhoolsoohullu (Karnataka). |
| Poaceae |
Cymbopogon citratus |
Grown in Punjab, Maha- rashtra, Gujarat and Karnataka. |
Lemongrass. |
Bhuutika, Bhuutikaa. |
| Poaceae |
Cymbopogon jwarancusa |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam, ascending up to more than mandin thenorth-western plains. |
Bhuutikaa, Laamajja- ka, Laamajja. (Subs. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash.) |
Izkhar. |
Vilaamichhan. |
| Poaceae |
Cymbopogon martinii |
In drier parts of India; in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. The most important centers of Rosha Grass oil production are Betul and Mimar in Madhya Pradesh and Nasik in Maharashtra. |
Rosha Grass, Palmarosa. |
Rohisha-trn, Dhyaama- ka. |
Kavathampillu. |
| Poaceae |
Cymbopogon nardus |
Mainly in South India; cultivated to a small extent in warmer parts of India. |
Ceylon Citronella Grass. |
Jambir-trn (var.). |
Kamachipillu. |
| Poaceae |
Cymbopogon schoenanthus |
Warmer parts of India, from Punjab to Bengal and in South India. |
Camel-Hay |
Rohisha |
Rusaa Ghaas, Izkhar |
Karpurapul, Rohishatrna. |
| Poaceae |
Panicum miliaceum |
Cultivated mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Common Millet, Proso Millet, Hog Millet. |
Chinaaka, Cheenaa. |
Chinaa Ghaas, Faaluudaa. |
Panivaragu. |
Chenaa, Chi-Tibet. |
| Poaceae |
Secale cereale |
Ladakh, Lahul and other north-western Himalayan areas; and as host for cultivation of medicinal ergot (fungus) in Kashmir. |
Rye Grass. |
| Polygalaceae |
Polygala chinensis |
Throughout India and the Andamans. |
Senega. |
Meradu, Maraad, Negali (Maharashtra). Maraad (Nepal). |
| Polygalaceae |
Polygala crotalarioides |
Tropical Himalayas from Simla to Sikkim and the Khasi Hills. |
Lilakanthi, Lilakaathi. (Bihar). Maraad (var.). |
| Polygalaceae |
Polygala sibirica |
Throughout the Himalayas and Western Ghats. |
Common Milkwort. |
Negali, Meradu (var.). |
| Polygonaceae |
Fagopyrum esculentum |
Native to Central Asia; now grown as minor grain-crop in hilly regions of North India and the Nilgiris. |
Buckwheat. |
Kotu. |
Kutu, Phaapar. |
| Polygonaceae |
Fagopyrum tataricum |
Cultivated in the Hi- malayas, especially in the colder parts of Ladakh, Zaskar and Western Tibet. |
Tatary Duckwheat. |
Ukhal. |
Kutu (var.). |
| Polygonaceae |
Oxyria digyna |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, in the alpine region at altitudes of ,,m. |
Chohahak, Amlu (Punjab). Kailaashi (Kashmir). |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum affine |
Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal at altitudes of , ,m. |
Khukhudi. |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum aviculare |
From Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Knotgrass, Knotweed, Mexican Sanguinaria. |
Machoti, Kesri. |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum bistorta |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim and the hills of Assam. |
Snake Weed, Bistort, Dragon Wort. |
Anjabaar. |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum glabrum |
Throughout India in marshy places, up to ,m. in the hills. |
Rakta-rohidaa (Gujarat). |
Attalaree. |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum hydropiper |
Throughout India in wet places. |
Water Pepper, Pepperwort, Smartweed. |
Paakur-muula, Paani-maricha (Bengal). |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum plebeium |
Throughout warmer parts of India in moist areas, ascending to ,m in the Himalayas. |
Sarpaakshi (a confusing synonym). |
Muniyaaraa (Bihar), Raani- phool, Macheti, Dubiaa Saaga. |
| Polygonaceae |
Polygonum viviparum |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at , ,m. |
Viviparous Bistort. |
Anjabaar. (substitute). |
Billori, Maamekh (Punjab). |
| Polygonaceae |
Rheum emodi |
Sub-alpine Himalayas, from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of ,,m.; also cultivated in Assam. |
IndianRhubarb, Himalayan Rhubarb. |
Amlaparni, Pitamuuli, Gandhini Revatikaa. Revandachini (roots). |
Revandchini. |
Revalchinikattai, Nattirevaichini. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rheum nobile |
The Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan at ,,m. |
Tehuka (Sikkim). |
| Polygonaceae |
Rheum officinale |
Southeast Tibet, West and Northwest China. |
Rhubarb. |
Usaare Rewand. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rheum webbianum |
Western Himalayas. |
Archa. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex acetosa |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Garden Sorrel, Sorrel Dock. |
Chukram, Chuukaa. |
Hammaaz-Barri. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex acetosella |
Eastern Himalayas, Sikkim and the Nilgiris. |
Sheep Sorrel. |
Chukrikaa, Chuko. |
Hammaaz, Shaaka-turshak, Tursh, Jangali Paalak. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex crispus |
Native to Europe; found in Mt. Abu. |
Yellow Dock, Curled Dock. |
Chukra, Chukrikaa, Patraamla, Rochani, Shatvedhani. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex dentatus |
The Himalayas up to m, and in the plains from Assam to Western and Southern India. |
Jangali Paalak. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex hastatus |
Western Himalayas from Kumaon to Kashmir, between ,m. |
Amlora, Chumlora (Kumaon); Khattimal, Katambal (Punjab). |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex maritimus |
The temperate Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris. |
Golden Dock. |
Kunanjara. |
SeedsBeejband, (siyah or safed), Jangali Paalak. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex nepalensis |
The temperate Himalayas, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris |
Kulli (Kumaon) |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex scutatus |
Western Himalayas up to an altitude of ,m. |
French Sorrel. |
| Polygonaceae |
Rumex vesicarius |
Native to South-west Asia and North Africa; cultivated all over India, especially in Tripura, West Bengal and Bihar. |
Bladder-Dock, Country Sorrel. |
Chukra, Chuko, Chakravarti. |
Hammaaz. |
Shakkankeerai. |
| Polypodiaceae |
Drynaria quercifolia |
Throughout India, in plains and low mountains. |
Ashvakatri (non- classical). |
Baandar-Baashing (Maha- rashtra). |
| Polypodiaceae |
Dryopteris dentata |
Throughout India in the plains, also on the hills. |
| Polypodiaceae |
Dryopteris filix-mas |
Temperate regions of America, Europe, Asia, near damp and shady terrains |
Male Fern, Aspidium |
Sarakhs, Sarakhs Muzakkar |
Iruvi. |
| Polypodiaceae |
Polypodium vulgare |
Temperate regions of America, Europe, Asia, near damp and shady terrains. |
Male Fern, Aspidium. |
Sarakhs, Sarakhs Muzakkar. |
Iruvi. |
| Polypodiaceae |
filix-mas |
Polypody Root. |
Bisfaayaj. |
| Polyporaceae |
Polyporus officinalis |
On the old trunks of various coniferous trees. |
White Agaric. |
Ghaariqoon. |
| Pontederiaceae |
Eichhornia crassipes |
Native to tropical South America; naturalized all over India. |
Water-Hyacinth, Bengal Terror, Blue Devil, The Million Dollar Weed. |
Wrongly equated with Jalakumbhi ( Pistia stratiotes Linn., Tropical Duckweed.) |
Akasa thammarai. |
| Pontederiaceae |
Monochoria vaginalis |
Throughout India in ponds, tanks, ditches, as a weed common in rice fields |
Indivara (Kerala). Kakapola (Malyalam), Nirkancha (Telugu). |
Senkzhuneerkizhangu. |
Nukha, Nanda (Bengal). |
| Popilionaceae |
Sophora tomentosa |
Grown in gardens for its bright-yellow owers. |
Sea coast Laburnum, Silver Bush. |
| Portulacaceae |
Portulaca oleracea |
All over India, cultivated as a vegetable. |
Common Purslane. |
Brihat Lonikaa, Lonaa, Loni, Ghoddhika, Ghotikaa, Upodika, Khursaa. |
Khurfaa, Kulfaa. |
Pulli-keerai, Parup- pukirai. |
| Portulacaceae |
Portulaca quadrifida |
Warmer parts of India, cultivated as a vegetable |
Laghu-lonikaa |
Siru Pasalai-keerai. |
| Portulacaceae |
Portulaca tuberosa |
Peninsular India, near sea-coasts. |
Bichhuu-buuti. |
Jangali Gaajar (Gujarat), Sanjivani (Bihar). |
| Portulaceceae |
Talinum triangulare |
Native to tropical America; grown in Tamil Nadu. |
Ceylon Spinach, Surinam Purslane, Flame Flower, Sweet Heart, Water Leaf, Ceylon Spinach. |
Pasali, Cylon-keerai (Tamil Nadu) |
| Primulaceae |
Anagallis arvensis |
Northwestern Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards to Nepal, hills of West Bengal; Central and southern India. |
Birds Eye, Birds Tongue, Blue Pimpernel, Scarlet Pimpernel. |
Anaaghaalis. |
Jonkmaari (Maharashtra), Dhabbar (Punjab), Jighanaa, Jenghani. |
| Primulaceae |
Primula denticulata |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and in Khasi and Jaintia hills at ,m. |
Keechey (Tibet). |
| Primulaceae |
Primula vulgaris |
Sub-Himalayan region. |
Primrose (Evening Primrose is equated with Oenothera biennis ), Cowslip. |
Nakhud. (Also equated with Cicer arietinum by National Formulary of Unani Medicine. ) |
| Punicaceae |
Punica granatum |
Native to Iran; but cultivated throughout India. |
Pomegranate. |
Daadima, Daadim- ba, Raktapushpa, Dantabijaa, Raktakusumaa, Lohitpushpaka. |
Anaar, Roomaan, Gulnaar, Gulnaar Farsi. |
Maathulai. |
| Pyrolaceae |
Pyrola rotundifolia |
North-Western and eastern Himalaya at altitudes of ,,m. and in Khasi and Jaintia hills up to ,m. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum atrox |
The sub-alpine and alpine Himalayas between ,and ,m. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
Banwaa. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum chasmanthum |
The western Himalayas from Hazara to Kashmir and |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum deinorrhizum |
Alpine regions of Chat- tadhar and Bhalesh ranges of Bhadarwah district in Jammu and Kashmir. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
Bashahr-Mohra, Dudhiyaa Bish, Safed Bikh. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum falconeri |
The sub-alpine and alpine zones of the Garhwal Himalayas. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
Bikh, Bis, Meethaa Telia. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum ferox |
The alpine Himalayas from Sikkim to Garhwal and Assam. |
Indian Aconite, Wolfsbane, Monkshood. |
Vatsanaabha, Visha, Amrita, Vajraanga, Sthaavaravisha, Vatsanaagaka, Shrangikavisha, Garala. |
Bish, Bishnaag. |
Vasanaavi, Karunaab- hi. |
Bacchanaag, Bish, Mithaa Zahar, Telia Visha. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum heterophyllum |
Cultivated at Manali and Rahla in Himachal Pradesh. Also found in northwestern Himalayas at altitudes ranging from ,to ,m. |
Atis Root, Aconite. |
Ativishaa, Arunaa, Vishaa, Shuklakandaa, Bhanguraa, Ghunapriyaa, Ghunavallabhaa, Kaashmiraa, Shishubhaishajyaa (indicating its use in paediatrics), Vishwaa. |
Atees. |
Athividayam. |
Patis. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum laciniatum |
The sub-alpine and alpine Himalayas of Sikkim between altitudes of ,m and ,m. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
Kaalo Bikhmo. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum luridum |
TheHimalayasfromeastern Nepal to Chumbi at altitudes of ,to ,m. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum palmatum |
The alpine Himalayas of Sikkim, Nepal, the adjoining parts of southern Tibet, between altitudes of ,m and ,m. |
Prativishaa, Shyaamkan- daa, Patis. |
Bikhamaa. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum spicatum |
The alpine zone of the Himalayas of Sikkim and Chumbi. Principal source of Bikh or Bish of Kolkata market. |
Nepal Aconite. |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Aconitum violaceum |
The alpine zone of the Himalayas from Gilgit to Kumaon |
Vatsanaabha (related sp.) |
Tilia Kachnaag, Dudhia |
| Ranunculaceae |
Actaea spicata |
Native to Europe; grows in temperate Himalayas from Hazara to Bhutan. |
Baneberry Grapewort. |
Visha-phale (Kannada). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Anemone obtusiloba |
Native to Europe; thrives in dry grassland in central and northern parts of the continent. |
Wind-Flower, Wood Anemone, Pasque Flower, Pulsatilla. |
Gul-laalaa, Shaqaaq-un- Nomaan. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Caltha palustris |
Western temperate Himalayas from ,to ,m. |
American cowslip, Marsh Marigold, Water Buttercup. |
Mamiri (Punjab). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Cimicifuga racemosa |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan up to at ,,m. |
Black Cohosh Root, Black Snake Root. |
Cohosh, Jiuenti (Punjab). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Clematis gouriana |
Throughout India in plains. |
Commercially known as Muurvaa. |
Belkangu (used as substitute for Muurvaa in Maharashtra). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Coptis teeta |
Mishmi Hills in Arunachal Pradesh. Cultivated commercially in China. |
Mamira, Maamiraa, Tiktamuulaa. (Pita-muulikaa and Hem-tantu are provisional synonyms.) |
Maamisaa, Maamiraa. |
Titaa (Bengal and Assam). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium brunonianum |
NativetoChina; distributed in West Himalayas. |
Musk Larkspur. |
Sprikkaa. ( Melilotus ocinalis, known as Aspurka or Naakhunaa, is also equated with Sprikkaa.) Used as a substitute for Tagara (valerian). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium cashmirianum |
Kashmir (Himalayan species). |
Kashmir Larkspur. |
Used as a substitute for Tagara (valerian). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium consolida |
Cultivated in gardens. |
ForkingLarkspur, Larkspur, Larks Claw, Knights Spur. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium denudatum |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of ,,m. |
Larkspur. |
Nirvishaa, Nirvishi. ( Kyllinga triceps Rottb. is used as a substitute for Nirvishaa.) |
Jadwaar Khataai, Maatiryaaq. |
Rootastringent, vulnerary, deobstruent, alterative. Used for painful piles, muscular atrophy, gout and as a nervine tonic. Also used as an adulterant for aconite. Oral administration of the aqueous extract of the plant to rats with CCl- induced hepatotoxicity revealed hepa- toprotective property of the plant. The roots contain campesterol, stig- masterol, sitosterol, cholesterol, delta- avenasterol and alkaloids including de- nudatine, denudatidine, condelphine, talatizidine and iso-talatizidine. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium staphisagria |
Native to Mediterranean region. |
Stavesacre. |
Muvizaj. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium vestitium |
The temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Nepal to , ,m. |
Candle Larkspur, Bee Larkspur. |
Nirvisha. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Delphinium zalil |
Persia and Afghanistan. |
Zalil Larkspur. |
Sprikkaa. ( Melilotus ocinalis, known as Aspurka or Naakhunaa, is also equated with Sprikkaa.) |
Zarir, Zalil, Asbarg, Gul-Zalil (ower). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Helleborus niger |
Native to sub-alpine woods in Southern and Eastern Europe. Grown in Indian gardens. |
Black Hellebore, Christmas Rose. |
Khuraasaani Kutaki. |
Kharbaq Siyah, Kutaki. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Naravelia zeylanica |
The tropical forests of eastern Himalayas, Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Deccan Peninsula. |
Dhanavalli (Kerala), Chhagul-bati (Bengal). |
Vathomkolli, Neen- davalli. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Nigella damascena |
Native to Southern Europe; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Love-in-a-mist. |
Upakunchikaa (var.). Siddha Karumcheerakam. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Nigella sativa |
Cultivated in Punjab, Bengal, Assam and Bihar. |
Black Cumin, Small Fennel. |
Kaalaajaaji, Kalikaa, Prthvikaa, Sthulajiraka, Sushavi, Upkunchikaa (the plant bears seeds of bigger size). |
Kalonji, Kamaazaruus. |
Karum seeragm. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculus arvensis |
The Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Corn Buttercup. |
Chambul (Punjab). Gager- kanda (Kashmir). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculus sceleratus |
The plains of northern India, and the warm valleys of the Himalayas from Kashmir to Assam. |
Blister Buttercup, Celery- leaved Crowfoot. |
Kaandira, Kaandakatu- ka, Naasaa-samvedana, Toyavalli, Sukaandaka. |
Jal-dhaniyaa. |
| Ranunculaceae |
Ranunculus trichophyllus |
Kashmir to Sikkim. |
Water Crowfoot, Water Fennel. |
Kaandira (var.). |
Tohlab (Kashmir). |
| Ranunculaceae |
Thalictrum foliolosum |
The temperate Himalayas from ,to ,m, in the Khasi hills and in Kashmir, Punjab, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Orissa. |
Pitarangaa, Piyaaraan- gaa. Pitamuulikaa (substitute). |
Mamiri. (Mamiraa is equated with Coptis teeta Wall.) |
| Resedaccae |
Reseda luteola |
Indigenous to western Europe; grown in gardens in India. |
Dyers Rocket, Weld. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Gouania leptostachya |
Sub-Himalayan region from Kangra eastwards and in parts of Assam, Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Andhra Pradesh. |
Batvaasi (Nepal), Batvaasi (Bengal), Bitkil-chaand (Bihar). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Hovenia dulcis |
Native to China. Now cultivated in Kumaon, Sikkim and West Bengal |
Japanese Raisin tree, Coral tree. |
Sikkaa |
| Rhamnaceae |
Rhamnus procumbens |
Western Himalayas from Simla to Kumaon at an altitude of ,to ,m. |
Buckthorn (related species). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Rhamnus purshiana |
Native to Europe; introduced in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Bhutan and the Nilgiris. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Rhamnus virgatus |
Throughout Himalayas, Khasi and Jaintia Hills, hills of Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, and the Nilgiris. |
Indian Buckthorn. |
Chhaduaa, Tadru (Punjab), Chadolaa (Garhwal). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Rhamnus wightii |
Hills of Peninsular India, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Rakta-Rohidaa (a name applied to several other astringent herbs). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Scutia myrtina |
The Deccan peninsula from Mahabaleshwar southwards, and Orissa. |
Cheemaat (Gujarat, Ma- harashtra); Tuvadi (Tamil Nadu); Gariki (Andhra Pradesh). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ventilago denticulata |
Throughout India in hotter parts, usually climbing on trees. |
Raktavalli. |
Pappili. |
Pitti, Raamadhaani, Kevati (var.). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ventilago madraspatana |
Maharashtra and South India. |
Taamravalli, Kaivartikaa, Vaamataruni. |
Pappili-chaka, Vempadam, Sural-pattai. |
Kevati. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus jujuba |
Native to North China. Also found in Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, up to ,m, eastwards to West Bengal. |
Chinese Tsao. |
Unnaab. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus nummularia |
Wild Jujube. |
Karkandhu. |
Jharber, Sadarber. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus oenoplia |
North India and both the Peninsulas. |
Jackal Jujube. |
Laghu-badara, Shrgaala- badari. |
Soorai. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus rugosa |
Sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaon eastwards, Bihar, Assam, in Central and South India. |
Charai Kattu Ilandai, Kottaimaram, Todari. |
Churnaa, Sekaraa (Bihar); Torana (Gujarat). |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus trinervia |
Gujarat, Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu and Kerala at low elevations. |
Jagged Jujube. |
Karakattam. |
| Rhamnaceae |
Ziziphus xylopyra |
Lac host in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab. |
Ghontaa, Ghonta-Phala. (Rangeeni lac is recovered from the tree.) |
Kottei. Kombarakku (lac). |
| Rhizophoraceae |
Ceriops candolleana |
Muddy shores and tidal creeks of India. |
Compound Cymed Mangrove. |
Pandikutti, Pavrikutti, Pavrikutti, Kandal, Chira. |
Kirrari (Sindh, Maharashtra). Chauri (Maharashtra). Goran (Bengal, Sundarbans). |
| Rhizophoraceae |
Kandelia rheedii |
Costalforestsofeasternand western Peninsulas, the Sunderbans (West Bengal). |
Thuvar kandan. |
Rasunia (Orissa), Guria (Bengal). |
| Rhizophoraceae |
Rhizophora mucronata |
The Sunderbans and along the Coromandel Coast and the Andamans. |
True Mangrove. |
Peykkandal, Kandal, Sorapinnai. |
Kamo (Bengal), Kandal (Maharashtra). |
| Rhodophyceae |
Gracilaria lichenoides |
The coasts of Indian Ocean and Chilka Lake |
Moss |
Chinai-ghaas. Known as Ceylon Agar-Agar or Agal-Agal |
| Rosacae |
Agrimonia eupatoria |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to West Bengal at ,m, and in Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland and Meghalaya. |
Agrimony, Stickle Wort. |
Ghaas. |
Belu. |
| Rosaceae |
Amygdalus communis |
Native to Asia Minor and Persia; cultivated in India in cooler parts of Punjab and Kashmir. |
Almond |
Vaataama, Vaataada. |
Badaam, Loz. |
Vaadumai. |
| Rosaceae |
Amygdalus persica |
Native to China; cultivated in Himalayan regions; grows in tropical and semi-tropical regions and temperate climates |
Peach tree |
Aaruka |
Aaaduu, Khokh |
| Rosaceae |
Brayera anthelmintica |
Indigenous to north-east Africa. Imported into Mumbai. |
Cusso, Brayera. |
Kusso. |
| Rosaceae |
Crataegeus oxyacantha |
British and European hedge plant, met with in the temperate Himalayas of Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh at an altitude of ,,m. (The plant does not thrive in the plains of India.) |
English Hawthorn. |
Ring, Ringo, Pingyat, Phindak, Ban Sanjli (Punjab hills). |
| Rosaceae |
Crataegus crenulata |
The Himalayas from Sutluj to Bhutan at altitudes of ,m. |
Ghingaaru. |
| Rosaceae |
Cydonia oblonga |
Cultivated in Punjab, Kashmir and the Nilgiri hills. |
Quince Fruit. |
Amritaphala, Paatalaa, Simbitikaa. |
Bihi, Bihidaanaa. |
Shimaimathala. |
| Rosaceae |
Eriobotrya japonica |
Native to China; now cultivated mainly in Saharanpur, Dehradun, Muzaffarnagar, Meerut, Kanpur, Bareilly districts of Uttar Pradesh, Amritsar, Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab |
Loquat, Japanese Medlar |
Lottaaka (non-classical) |
Lokaat. |
Ilakotta, Nokkotta (Tamil) |
| Rosaceae |
Geum urbanum |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at , ,m Grows wild in Europe and Great Britain. |
Avens Root, Herb Bennet, Wood Avens. |
| Rosaceae |
Malus pumila |
Native to Europe and West Asia; now cultivated in Himachal Pradesh., Kashmir, Kulu, Kumaon, Assam and in the Nilgiris. |
Cultivated Apple. |
Sinchitikaa. |
Seb, Sev. |
| Rosaceae |
Potentilla anserina |
Western Himalayas at altitudes of ,,m. |
Silverweed. |
| Rosaceae |
Potentilla arbuscula |
Temperate Himalaya from Himachal Pradesh to Sikkim and the hills of Assam at ,,m. |
| Rosaceae |
Potentilla nepalensis |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
Ratanjot (substitute). |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus amygdalus |
Cultivated in Kashmir at elevation of – , m, also n Himachal Pradesh and Uttar
Pradesh |
Almond. |
Vaataama, Vaataada |
Baadaam Shireen, Loz |
Vaadumai |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus armeniaca |
North-western Himalayas, particularly in the valleys of Kashmir, Chenab and Kullu, and in Simla hills at altitudes of ,m. |
Apricot. |
Peetaalu, Aaluka, Urumaana. |
Khuubaani, Mashmash. |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus avium |
Native to Eurasia; cultivated in Kashmir, Kumaon and Himachal Pradesh. |
Sweet Cherry. |
Elavaaluka, Elaya, Harivaaluka. |
Gilaas, Krusbal. |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus cerasoides |
The temperate Himalayas from Garhwal to Sikkim, also in Ootacamund. |
Wild Himalayan Cherry, Bird Cheery. |
Padmaka, Padma- gandhi, Padmaadyaa, Padmaakha, Padmakaashtha. |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus cerasus |
Native of Eurasia; cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon for edible fruits. |
Sour Cherry. |
Elavaaluka (var.). |
Aalu-baalu, Gilaas. |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus domestica |
Cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon. |
Prune. |
Aaruka ( Prunus domes- tica var. insititia ). Aaluubukhaaraa. |
Aaluuchaa. |
Alpagada-pungam. |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus mahaleb |
Native to Europe and West Asia, introduced in India and grown as an ornamental. |
Mahaleb Cherry. |
Gandha-priyangu. (Priyangu is equated with Callicarpa macrophylla Vahl.) |
Mahlib, Habb-ul-Mihlab. |
Ghaulaa (Maharashtra). |
| Rosaceae |
Prunus persica |
Native to China; cultivated in Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon. |
Peach. |
Aaluka, Aaruka, Aru, Pichuka. |
| Rosaceae |
Pyrus communis |
Distributed in the temperate regions of Europe and West Asia. Grown in Punjab and Kashmir. |
Common or European Pear. |
Bagu-goshaa, Babbu-goshaa. |
| Rosaceae |
Quillaja saponaria |
Indigenous to Chile and Peru; introduced in India in Ootacamund. |
Soap Bark, Quillaia Bark |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa alba |
Asian Minor region. Cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Common English Dog Rose, White Cottage Rose. |
Sevati, Shveta Taruni. (Flowerswhite or bluish.) |
Sevati. Garden var. Gul-safed Bustaani, Vard Abyaz. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa bourboniana |
Cultivated throughout India, particularly in Uttar Pradesh on commercial scale, for rose water. |
Taruni, Desi Gulaab, Baaraamaasi, Cheenia-Gulaab. (Flowersusually purple.) Siddha Rojapoo (Tamil). |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa centifolia |
Cultivated chiey in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. |
Cabbage Rose, Provence Rose, Hundred-leaved Rose. |
Shatapatri, Shatapatrikaa (Shatapatra is equated with Nelum- bo nucifera. ), Taruni, Devataruni, Karnikaa, Chaarukesharaa, Laak- shaa, Gandhaaddhyaa. (Flowers usually pink and double.) |
Gul-e-Surkh. |
Iroja, Rajapoo. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa chinensis |
Cultivated chiey in Kannauj, Kanpur and Hathras. |
Bengal Rose, Monthly Rose. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa damascena |
Cultivated chiey in Aligarh, Ghazipur and Kannauj, grown in gardens throughout India. |
Damask Rose. |
Taruni. (Flowersred, pink or white.) |
Gul-e-Surkh, Vard, Vard- e-Ahmar. StamensZard-e-Vard. FruitDalik, Samar-ul-Vard, Smar-e-Gul. |
Irosa. |
Fasali Gulaab. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa macrophylla |
The temperate Himalayas from Punjab to Sikkim at altitudes of ,,m. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa moschata |
Central and Western Himalayas, ascending to ,m. |
Himalayan Musk Rose. (Flowerswhite, fruitorange red or dark brown.) |
Kubjaka (non-classical). |
Kujai, Kuujaa. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa multiflora |
Cultivated in Kulu. Occasionally found in hedges and abandoned coee plantations in Upper Ghats. |
Rakta-Taruni (non- classical). |
Gulaab. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa rubra |
Indian gardens. |
French Rose. |
Rakta-Taruni (non- classical), Gulaab. |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa sericea |
The temperate Himalayas from Chamba eastwards to Bhutan and Assam at altitudes of ,to ,m. |
Jangali Gulaab. (Flowers white or yellow, fruitred.) |
| Rosaceae |
Rosa webbiana |
Dry and inner Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of ,m. |
Laddaakhi-Sevati. (Flowers pink or deep red, fruit red.) |
| Rosaceae |
Rubus ellipticus |
PunjabtoAssam, extending southwards into the Western Ghats and Deccan. |
Gach Strawberry. |
Hinsaalu, Anchhu. Gouri-phal (Kashmir), Tolu, Aselu (Nepal). |
| Rosaceae |
sativa |
Cultivated in Kashmir at elevation of ,m, also |
| Rosaceae |
Sibbaldia parviflora |
Garwal region. |
Bajradanti. Barleria prionitis L. and Potentilla arbuscula D. Don. are also used as Bajradanti.) |
| Rosaceae |
Sorbus aucuparia |
Native to Europe and Asia; distributed in temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon. |
European Mountain Ash, Rowan tree, Mountain Ash Berry. |
Battal (Punjab), Syaar (Garhwal). |
| Rubiaceae |
Adina cordifolia |
Indigenous in deciduous forests all over India. |
Yellow Teak, Saron Teak. |
Haridru, Haraduaa- kadamba, Gaur-kadamba, Girikadamba, Dhaaraakadam- ba, Pitadaaru, Kadambapushpa. |
| Rubiaceae |
Anthocephalus cadamba |
Assam, Bengal, southwards to Andhra Pradesh and western Ghats. |
Kadam. |
Kadamba, Priyaka, Vrtta-pushpa, Nipa, Halipriya. Kadambaka is equated with Adina cordifolia. |
Venkadambu, Vellai Kadambam. |
| Rubiaceae |
Borreria articularis |
Throughout India, as a weed in cultivated and sallow lands and pastures. |
Shaggy Button Weed. |
Madana-ghanti. |
Nathaichoori. |
Ghanti-chi-bhaaji (Maha- rashtra), Gatbhanjan, Satgathiyaa. |
| Rubiaceae |
Canthium parviflorum |
Throughout the Deccan Peninsula, from Gujarat and Maharashtra southwards, and in Bihar and Orissa. |
Wild Jasmine. |
Karai, Kadan Karai, Nalla Karai, Kudiram. |
Kaari. |
| Rubiaceae |
Cephaelis ipecacuanha |
Native to tropical America. Now cultivated in Darjeeling, Assam, in the Nilgiris, and in Sikkim. |
Ipecac, Ipecacuanha. |
| Rubiaceae |
Cinchona officinalis |
A tree native to China and Japan and often grown as a hedge plant. |
Camphor tree |
Karpura, Ghanasaara, Chandra, Chandra Prabhaa, Sitaabhra, Hima-valukaa, Himopala, Himakara, Shashi, Indu, Tushaara, Gandhadravya, Shitalraja |
Kaafoor |
Indu, Karupporam |
| Rubiaceae |
Coffea arabica |
Grown in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Kerala. |
Arabian coee. |
Kahvaa. |
Kaapi, Bannu. |
| Rubiaceae |
Galium aparine |
The Temperate Himalayas. |
Goosegrass, Clivers, Cleavers, Catch Weed. |
| Rubiaceae |
Galium verum |
Kashmir, Lahul and other west Himalayan regions, at altitude of ,,m |
Ladys Bedstraw, Cheese Rennet. |
| Rubiaceae |
Gardenia gummifera |
Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. |
Gummy Cape Jasmine. |
Venupatrikaa, Naadi- hingu, Hingushivaatikaa. Hingu- patrikaa, Hingupatri (also equated with Ferula Jaeschkeana Vatke). |
Dikaamaali. |
Dikkamalli, Kambil, Sinna Kambil. |
| Rubiaceae |
Gardenia jasminoides |
Native to China and Japan; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Cape Jasmine. |
Gandharaaja. |
Karinga. |
| Rubiaceae |
Gardenia latifolia |
Throughout the greater part of India, mostly in dry forests |
Boxwood Gardenia. |
Parpataki. |
Kumbay, Perungambil. |
Paaparaa, Ban-pindaalu |
| Rubiaceae |
Gardenia resinifera |
Central India and Deccan Peninsula. |
Naadihingu (related species), Jantuka. |
Dikaamaali. |
Kambil, Kumbai, Dikkamalli. |
| Rubiaceae |
Gardenia turgida |
Throughout the greater part of India, up to ,m |
Mahaapindi, Karahaata, Kharahaara. (Bark is sold as Bhaargi.) Thanella. |
Nanjundam, Malan- garai. |
| Rubiaceae |
Geophila repens |
Assam, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands. |
Karintakaali (Kerala). |
| Rubiaceae |
Guettarda speciosa |
Native to tropical America; occurs in tidal forests of South India and in Andaman Islands. (An extract of owers, resembling rose-water, in sold in Travancore markets.) |
| Rubiaceae |
Hedyotis corymbosa |
A weed in wet, low lands and in cultivated elds. |
Kshetraparpata (used in Kerala as Parpataka). |
| Rubiaceae |
Hymenodictyon excelsum |
Central India and Western Peninsula. |
Bhramar-chhalikaa, Ugragandhaa (a confusing syn- onym). Bhringa-vrksha(provisional synonym). |
Sagappu, Vellei Kadambu, Peranjoli. |
Bhaulan, Bhramarchhali, Bhuurkunda. |
| Rubiaceae |
Ixora coccinea |
South-western Peninsular India. Cultivated throughout India. |
Jungleame Ixora. |
Bandhuka, Paaranti. |
Vetchi, Thechii. |
Rukmini, Rangan. |
| Rubiaceae |
Ixora javanica |
Gardens of Kerala and West Bengal. |
| Rubiaceae |
Ixora pavetta |
West Bengal, Bihar, Western Central and South India. |
Torchwood Tree. |
Nevaari, Nevaali, Ishwara, Rangan. |
Shulundu-kora, Korivi. |
| Rubiaceae |
Meyna laxiflora |
West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, in hedges and waste places. |
Pinditaka. Madana or Mainphala is a misleading synonym. It is equated with Randia dumetorum Poir. |
Manakkarai. (Madana or Mainphala is known as Marukkallankay.) |
Muyana, Moyana, Muduna. |
| Rubiaceae |
Mitragyna parvifolia |
All over India, and up to ,m in the outer Himalaya. |
Kaim. |
Giri-kadamba, Kadamba (var.). Siddha Chinna-Kadambu. |
| Rubiaceae |
Morinda citrifolia |
Sub-Himalayan tracts, Darjeeling, Konkan and the Andamans. |
Indian Mulberry. |
Ashyuka, Akshi, Atchy. |
Nunaa, Togaru. |
| Rubiaceae |
Mussaenda frondosa |
Tropical Himalayas, Khasi Hills, Deccan Peninsula and the Andamans. |
White Lady, White Rag Plant. |
Shrivati. |
Vellai-yilai, Velli- madandai. |
Shrivara, Bedina, Bebi- na, Bhutakesha (Maharashtra), Naagaballi (Bengal) |
| Rubiaceae |
Oldenlandia umbellata |
Bihar, Orissa, Travancore. Cultivated on the Coromandel coast. |
Indian Madder, Chay-Root. |
Inbooral. |
Chiraval (Maharashtra). |
| Rubiaceae |
Ophiorrhiza mungos |
Khasi Hills up to m, in Western Ghats and the Andaman Islands. |
Mongoose Plant. |
Sarpaakshi. (Gandha- naakuli is a wrong synonym. It is equated with Aristolochia indica. ) |
Keerippundu. |
Sarahati. Mungus-vel (Maharashtra). |
| Rubiaceae |
Paederia foetida |
Central and Eastern Himlayas extending to Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. |
Talanili, Gand- haprasaarini. (Prasaarini is also equated with Raaja-balaa, Sida veronicaefolia. ). |
Talanili, Mudiyar Kundal. |
Gandhabhaaduli (Bengali). |
| Rubiaceae |
Pavetta indica |
Throughout greater part of India, ascending to an altitude of about ,m in the Himalayas, also recorded from the Andamans. |
White-Pavetta. |
Papata, Kathachampaa. |
Pavattai. |
Paapadi (Maharashtra). |
| Rubiaceae |
Randia dumetorum |
Assam, Naga and Khasi Hills, Travancore and the Andamans. |
Common Emetic Nut. |
Madana, Chhardana, Pindi, Shalayaka, Vishapushpaka. |
Mainphal, Jauz-ul-Qai. |
Marukkaaraikai, Madkarai. |
Mainphal. |
| Rubiaceae |
Randia uliginosa |
Southern, Central and Eastern India, including Assam and Sikkim. |
Pindaalu, Pinditaka. |
Wagatta, Perunkarai. |
Mainphal, Pindaar, Pendraa, Pendhar. |
| Rubiaceae |
Rubia cordifolia |
Throughout India, ascending to an altitude of ,m. |
Indian Madder, Bengal Madder. |
Manjishthaa, Vikasaa, Samangaa, Yojanavalli, Kaalameshi- ka, Raktaangi, Raktayashtikaa, Arunaa, Gandira, Jingi. |
Manjeeth. |
Manjitti. |
| Rubiaceae |
Rubia tinctorum |
Native to Southern Europe and parts of Asia; also found in Kashmir. |
Alizari, European Madder. |
| Rubiaceae |
Saprosma ternatum |
Hills of Assam, in damp places and in the Andamans. |
| Rubiaceae |
Spermacoce hispida |
The Himalaya, from Simla westwards to Assam and southwards to Kanyakumari. |
Madana Ghanti. |
Nellichoori. |
| Rubiaceae |
Tarenna asiatica |
Peninsular region |
Kuraa (Maharashtra). |
| Rubiaceae |
Uncaria gambier |
Malaysia and Indonesia |
Pale Catechu, Gambier. |
Khadira |
Chinai Katthaa. |
| Rubiaceae |
Vangueria spinosa |
West Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. |
Pinditaka, Snigdh- pinditaka. |
Manakkarai. |
Muyana. Chiracholi, Alu |
| Rubiaceae |
Wendlandia exserta |
Sub-Himalayan region, West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Tilaka. |
Tiliyaa (Bihar), Tilki, Mimri (Bengal). |
| Rubiaceae |
Wendlandia tinctoria |
Sub-Himalayan tract from Garhwal eastwards to Bhutan and Khasi hills. |
Tilak |
| Rutaceae |
Aegle marmelos |
The plains and sub- mountain regions of India |
Bael tree, Bengal Quince |
Bilva, Shriphala, Shaandilya, Shailuusha, Shalya, Sadaaphala, Mahaakapitha (Kapitha is equated with Feronia limonia), Maaluura, Rudrajataa, Rudranir- maalya, Shivajataakhya. |
Bael. |
Vilvam, Koovilam |
| Rutaceae |
Atalantia monophylla |
Throughout India, espe- cially in Assam, Meghalaya and Andaman Islands. |
Wild Lime |
Kattu Narangam, Kattu Elumichai. |
Jungli Nimbu |
| Rutaceae |
Chloroxylon swietenia |
Dry, deciduous forests, throughout Peninsular India |
Indian Satinwood tree. |
Karumboraju, Kudavuboraju, Poraju. |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus aurantifolia |
Wild in the warm valleys of the outer Himalayas. Cultivated in the plains. |
Acid or Sour Lime, Country Lime. |
Nimbuka. |
Limu Kaghzi. |
Kaagazi Nimbu |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus aurantium |
Cultivated in Khasi hills and Cachar. Also in Guntur (Andhra Pradesh). Found in semi- wild state in the Naga and Khasi hills. |
Citrus dulcis, Sour Orange, Sweet Orange. |
Mallikanarangi. |
Khattaa |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus limon |
Cultivated all over India. |
Lemon. |
Jambira, Jambh, Jambhir, Jaamphal, Nimbu, Nimbuka, Naaranga, Limpaka, Dantashatha, Airaavata, Neebu |
Utraj. |
Periya elumuchhai |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus maxima |
North-eastern region |
Pummelo, Shaddock. |
Madhukarkatikaa. |
Chakotra. |
Pambalimasu. |
Mahaa-nibu, Sadaaphal. |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus medica |
Khasi Hills, submountain- ous Himalayan ranges in Garhwal, Kumaon in U.P., Maland areas of South, Pachmarhi (Madhya Pradesh), Sikkim and Western Ghats. |
Maatulunga, Lunga, Maatulaka, Mahaalunga, Bijpuura, Bijaahva. |
Turanj. |
Kadaranrathai, Naarthankai, Thurinjippazham. |
Bijoraa |
| Rutaceae |
Citrus paradisi |
Native to the West Indies. Commercialized in the USA. Cultivated mainly in Punjab. |
Grapefruit, ‘Marsh’ Grapefruit. |
Chakotraa. Chima Bombili- maas (Tamil Nadu). |
| Rutaceae |
Clausena pentaphylla |
The sub-Himalayan tract from Garhwal to Sikkim; also in Chakrata range. |
Ratanjot (var.), Rowana. Surasi is a doubtful synonym. |
| Rutaceae |
Dictamnus albus |
Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kunawar, common in Pangi. |
Gas Plant, Dittany, Burning Bush. |
| Rutaceae |
Feronia limonia |
Indigenous to South India; cultivated throughout the plains of India |
Wood Apple. |
Kapittha, Dadhittha, Dadhiphala, Surabhichhada, Dantshatha, Kapipriya. |
Kuvet. |
ilamaram, Vilangai, Narivila. |
Kaith. |
| Rutaceae |
Glycosmis pentaphylla |
Peninsular India and Andaman Islands. Cultivated in gardens. |
Vana-nimbuukaa, Ashwa-shaakhota. |
Konji, Amam, Kula-pannai |
Bana-Nimbu, Paanal (Kerala). |
| Rutaceae |
Limonia crenulata |
Throughout India, from Punjab and Kumaon eastwards; in Assam, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and South India. |
Bilvaparni. |
Nayvila. |
Ran-limbu, Naringi (Mum- bai), Tondsha (Maharashtra), Beli, Bainthaa. |
| Rutaceae |
Luvunga eleutherandra |
The western part of Peninsular India, from Konkan southwards to Anaimalai and Travancore hills, |
Lavanga-lataa |
Kokilaa (Bengal). |
| Rutaceae |
Luvunga scandens |
Bengal, Assam and Khasi Hills. |
Lavanga-lataa. |
Sugandh-kokilaa (Bengal). |
| Rutaceae |
Micromelum integerrimum |
Bihar, Orissa, Bengal, Sikkim, Nepal, Assam, Khasi, Aka and Lushai hills. |
| Rutaceae |
Murraya exotica |
Throughout India and Andaman Islands |
Konji. |
Kaamini; Aanthil (Bihar). |
| Rutaceae |
Murraya koenigii |
Cultivated in Tamil Nadu; Maharashtra and North India. |
Curry-Leaf tree |
Surabhini-nimba. |
Karipattaa. |
Karuveppilei, Karivempu, Kattuveppilei. |
Mithaa Neem, Kathneem, Gandhela, Barsanga. |
| Rutaceae |
Paullinia asiatica |
Found in Konkan and Maharashtra. |
Lopez Root tree, Wild Orange tree, Forest Pepper. |
Kaanchana, Dahana. |
Kattu Milagu, Milagaranai. |
Jangali Kaalimirchi, Limri |
| Rutaceae |
Pilocarpus microphyllus |
Native to tropical America; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Jaborandi. |
| Rutaceae |
Ruta chalepensis |
Native to Southern Europe and North Africa; cultivated in Indian gardens |
Jangali Sudaab. |
Aruvadam-chedi, Arvada. |
| Rutaceae |
Ruta graveolens |
Native to Mediterranean region; cultivated all over India. |
Garden Rue |
Sudaab, Suddaab. |
Aruvada. |
| Rutaceae |
Toddalia asiatica |
Tropical Himalayas, from Kumaon eastwards to Assam, Khasi hills and throughout the Western Peninsula. |
Wild Orange tree, Forest Pepper. |
Kanchana. |
Kattu Milagu, Milagaranai. |
Jangali Kaali-mirch, Kanja. |
| Rutaceae |
Triphasia trifolia |
Wild in parts of Peninsular India; cultivated in gardens. |
Lime Berry, Myrtle-Lime, Chinese Lime. |
Chinese Naarangi. |
| Rutaceae |
Vepris bilocularis |
North Kanara, forests of Malabar, Annamalai and Travancore |
Krishna-Agaru. (In South India V. bilocularis is used as Krishna-Agaru and Dysoxylum labricum Bedd. ex Hiern as Shveta-Agaru.) |
Devadaram. |
| Rutaceae |
Zanthoxylum acanthopodium |
Sub-tropical Himalaya from Kumaon to Bhutan, and in Khasi hills |
Tumburu. |
Nepaali Dhaniyaa, Timur |
| Rutaceae |
Zanthoxylum americanum |
Canada and North America. |
Toothache tree, Prickly Ash. |
| Rutaceae |
Zanthoxylum armatum |
Jammu & Kashmir and Garhwal. |
Toothache tree, Indian Prickly Ash. |
Tumburu (fruit). Tejabala, Tejaswani, Tejohva, Tejovati (stem bark). |
Faaghir, Kabaab-e- Khandaan. |
Tejyovathi. |
Nepaali Dhaniyaa |
| Rutaceae |
Zanthoxylum budrunga |
Meghalaya, foothills of Assam and Peninsular India. |
Tumburu (Kerala), Ashvaghra, Tejabala. |
Tratechai. |
| Rutaceae |
Zanthoxylum oxyphyllum |
The Himalayas from Garhwal to Bhutan |
Mezenga (Assam); Timur, Bhansi (Nepal). |
| Salicaceae |
italica |
| Salicaceae |
Populus alba |
Northwestern Himalaya |
White Poplar. |
Safedaa, Jangali Fraas. |
| Salicaceae |
Populus nigra |
North-western Himalaya |
Black Lombardy Poplar |
| Salicaceae |
Salix acmophylla |
Sub-Himalayan tracts from Uttar Pradesh westwards |
Jala-vetasa. |
| Salicaceae |
Salix alba |
North-western Himalayas |
White Willow, European Willow. |
Jalavetasa |
Bed Saadaa. |
Vivir (Kashmir). |
| Salicaceae |
Salix babylonica |
North India, along the banks of rivers nad water-courses. |
Weeping Willow |
Aatru Paalai. |
Giur (Kashmir). Bed. |
| Salicaceae |
Salix caprea |
Kashmir, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh |
Sallow, Goat Willow, Common Willow. |
Vetasa, Vaanira, Vidula, Vanjula, Vaanjulaa. In Kerala Homonoia riparia Lour., Euphorbiaceae, is used as Vetasa or Jalavetasa. |
Bed Mushk. |
| Salicaceae |
Salix fragilis |
Cultivated in Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh. |
Crack Willow, Kashmir Willow. |
Tilachaang (Himachal Pradesh). |
| Salicaceae |
Salix nigra |
Native to America (New York and Pennsylvania) |
Black Willow |
Bed-Siyaah |
| Salicaceae |
Salix tetrasperma |
Throughout the greater part of India, along the banks of rivers and streams. |
Indian Willow |
Jalavetasa, Naadeya, Niketan, Baishi. |
Attupalai. |
Vaanira, Vaalunja |
| Salvadoraceae |
Azima tetracantha |
Peninsular India, Orissa, West Bengal. |
Mistletoe Berrythorn |
Mulchangan. |
Kundali. |
| Salvadoraceae |
Salvadora oleoides |
The arid regions of Punjab, Rajasthan and western India. |
Pilu |
Kalawa |
| Salvadoraceae |
Salvadora persica |
Arid regions, on saline lands and in coastal regions |
Mustard tree. Salt Bush tree, Tooth Brush tree. |
Pilu (smaller var.), Pilukaa, Sransi, Angaahva, Tikshna- vrksha. |
Miswaak, Araak |
Perungoli. |
| Salviniaceae |
Salvinia cucullata |
Throughout India in shallow, freshwater lakes, ponds, ditches. |
Aakhukarni (Kerala). |
| Samydaceae |
Casearia esculenta |
Peninsular India |
Saptachakraa. |
Kakkaipilai, Kilar, Kottargovai. |
Saptrangi |
| Samydaceae |
Casearia tomentosa |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal, |
Chilhaka. |
Kadichai. |
Chillaa, Saptrangi |
| Santalaceae |
Osyris wightiana |
Sub-tropical Himalaya, Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu |
Popli (Maharashtra); Paral (Karnataka, Tamil Nadu); Jhuri (Nepal); Dalmi, Dalmia (Garhwal, Kumaon). |
| Santalaceae |
Santalum album |
Dry regions of Peninsular India from Vindhya mountains
southwards, especially in Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
White Sandalwood. |
Chandana, Shvetachan- dana, Shrikhanda, Bhadra-Shree, Gandhsaara, Malayaja, Hima, Ekaangi |
Sandal Safed, Sandal-e- Abyaz. |
Chandanam, San- dana, Ingam. |
| Sapindaceae |
Aesculus indica |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to western Nepal, Kulu and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh, Tehri-Garhwal and Kumaon |
Indian Horse Chestnut, Himalayan Chestnut. |
Bankhor. |
| Sapindaceae |
Cardiospermum halicacabum |
Throughout the plains of India, as a wild climber. |
Ballon Vine, Winter Cherry, Heartseed. |
Kaakatiktaa, Kaakaadani, Karnsphotaa, Shatakratulataa. |
Habb-e-Qilqil. |
Mudukottan, Kottavan. |
Kanphotaa, Kanphuti, Lataaphatakari. Used as Jyotishmati in Bengal. |
| Sapindaceae |
Dodonaea viscosa |
North-western Himalaya, in Punjab, South India, Nilgiris. Also planted as a hedge plant in Northern India. |
Jamacia Switch Sorrel. |
Raasnaa (substitute, used in Andhra Pradesh) |
Virali, Velari. |
| Sapindaceae |
Euphoria longan |
South India, Assam and Bengal. |
Longan |
Aakshiki |
Puvatti, Shempuvan |
Aashaphala (Bengal), Naag- |
| Sapindaceae |
Litchi chinensis |
Native to China; now cultivated mainly in Northern Bihar, particularly in Muzaffarpur and Darbhanga districts, and Saharanpur, Dehra Dun, Muzaffar- nagar, Gorakhpur, Deoria, Gonda, Basti, Faizabad, Rampur, Bareil- ly, Bahraich, Kheri and Pilibhit districts of Uttar Pradesh. |
Litchi, Lychee. |
| Sapindaceae |
Sapindus laurifolius |
South India; also cultivated around villages in Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and West Bengal. |
Soapnut tree of South India. |
Arishtaka, Pheni- la, Raktabeeja, Reethaakaranja, Garbhapaatana. |
Reethaa. |
Puvamkottai, Mani pungu. |
| Sapindaceae |
Sapindus mukorossi |
Native to China and Japan; distributed in the Himalayas from Himachal Pradesh eastwards and in Assam. |
Chinese Soap Berry, Soap Nut tree of North India. |
Arishtaka, Phenila. |
Reethaa. |
| Sapindaceae |
Schleichera oleosa |
The sub-Himalayan tract from Kashmir to West Bengal; Bihar, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh, southwards to Peninsular India. |
Lac tree, Macassar Oil tree, Honey tree, Ceylon Oak. |
Koshaamra, Kshudraam- ra, Lakshaa vrksha, Ghanaskandha. |
Puvathipuvam, Pulaachi. |
| Sapotaceae |
Achras zapota |
Native to Central America. Cultivated chiefly in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and West Bengal. |
Sapota, Sapodilla Plum, Chicle. |
Sapotaa, Cheeku |
Shimai eluppai. |
| Sapotaceae |
Bassia longifolia |
South India; common in the monsoon forests of Western Ghats. |
Mowra Butter tree, South Indian Mahua. |
Illupei, Elupa, Naatu, Iluppei, Iruppei. |
| Sapotaceae |
Madhuca butyracea |
Found in sub-Himalayan tract from Kumaon to Bhutan. |
Madhuuka |
Phulwaaraa, Maakhaniaa Mahuaa. |
| Sapotaceae |
Madhuca indica |
A large tree, cultivated mainly in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar. |
Mahua tree, Moha. |
Madhuuka, Madhu- pushpa, Madhusrav, Gudapushpa. |
Mahuaa. |
Ieluppai. |
| Sapotaceae |
Madhuca longifolia |
Cultivated in Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhara Pradesh, Karnataka, Bengal and Maharas- tra. |
South Indian Mahua |
Illupei, Elupa, Naatu Iluppai, Iruppai. |
Madhuulaka, Jala-Madhuuka, Jala-Mahuaa. |
| Sapotaceae |
Manilkara kauki |
A native of Malaya; occasionally grown in gardens, especially in North India, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala. |
Kauki. |
Khirni. |
Palai. |
| Sapotaceae |
Mimusops elengi |
Cultivated in North India, Western Peninsula and South India |
Spanish-Cherry, West Indian Medlar, Bullet Wood. |
Bakula, Keshara, Simhakeshara, Sthiraa, Sthira- pushpa, Vishaarada, Dhanvi, Madhupushpa, Madhugandha, Chirpushpa, Maulsiri. |
Molsari. |
Magilam |
| Saxifragaceae |
Bergenia ligulata |
Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Bhutan |
Paashaanabheda, Ashmaribhedikaa, Ashmaribhit, Ashmghna, Shilaabhit, Shilaabheda. |
Padanbethi. |
| Saxifragaceae |
Dichroa febrifuga |
The temperate Himalayas from Nepal to Bhutan and Khasi Hills. |
Basak. |
| Schizaeaceae |
Lygodium flexuosum |
Throughout India, Himalayas. |
Vallipana (Malyalam); Bhuuta-bhairavi (Bengal), Bhuuta- raaj; Kalzhaa (Bihar). Rudrajataa is a doubtful synonym. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Bacopa monnieri |
Throughout the plains of India in damp marshy areas. |
Thyme-leaved Gratiola. |
Braahmi, Aindri, Nir- braahmi, Kapotavankaa, Bhaarati, Darduradalaa, Matsyaakshaka, Shaaluraparni, Mandukaparni |
Brahmi |
Piramivazhukkai, Neerbrami. |
Jalaneem, Safed-Chammi. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Digitalis lanata |
Native to Europe. Now cultivated mainly in Kashmir (Yarikhah), also occurs wild. |
Grecian Foxglove. |
Hritpatri, Tilapushpi |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Digitalis purpurea |
Native to West Europe. Cultivated in Tangmarg and Kishtawar in Kashmir, Darjeeling and the Nilgiris. |
Digitalis, Foxglove. |
Hritpatri, Tilapushpi |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Euphrasia simplex |
The Temperate Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim |
Eyebright. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Limnophila aromatica |
South Bihar, Orissa, Assam, Western parts of South India |
Aamragandha Karpuur (non-classical); Karpuur (Bengal); Ambuli (Maharashtra); Manganari (Kerala). Kuttra. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Limnophila indica |
Throughout India in damp places, swamps and rice fields |
Kuttra; Karpuur (Bengal), Ambuli (Maharashtra); Manganari (Kerala). |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Lindenbergia indica |
Throughout India |
Haldi Basanto (Bengal), Dhol (Maharashtra), Patthar-chatti (Gujarat), Bheet-chatti. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Pedicularis pectinata |
The Himalayas from Kashmir eastwards extending to Sikkim. |
Lousewort. |
Mishran, Michren (Punjab), Lugro-maarpro (Kashmir). |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Picrorhiza kurroa |
The alpine Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim. |
Picrorhiza. |
Picrorhiza. |
Kutki, Kharbaq-e-Hindi. |
Kaduguragini. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Picrorhiza scrophulariaeflora |
Eastern Himalayan in Nepal and Sikkim. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Schweinfurthia sphaerocarpa |
The arid regions of Gujarat and in Rajasthan. |
Nepaal-Nimba. |
Saannipaat (Maharashtra). |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Scoparia dulcis |
Indigenous to tropical America; introduced into India, commonly found as a weed in Bengal and Tamil Nadu, and in many parts of India. |
Sweet Broomweed. |
Jastimadhu, Madhukam, Ghodaa-tulasi. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Sopubia delphinifolia |
Western India, as a root parasite. |
Dudhaali |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Striga asiatica |
Throughout the country and in the rainfed rice fields of Kerala. |
Agnivrksha, Kuranti. |
Pallipundu. |
Agiyaa |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Striga gesneroides |
Western Peninsular India |
Laal-giyaa. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Torenia travancorica |
Western Ghats in the Nilgiris, Madurai, Coimbatore and Tirunelveli. |
Kakapu (Kerala). |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Vandellia pedunculata |
The Himalayas |
Gadaga-vel |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Verbascum thapsus |
Temperate Himalayas, Western Ghats and the Nilgiris |
Cow’s Lungwort, Common Mullein. (Large |
Ban Tambaaku, Gidar Tambaaku, Phullaa. |
| Scrophulariaceae |
Veronica beccabunga |
Western Himalayas and Kashmir |
Brooklime. |
Titalokiyaa, Tezhak. |
| Selaginellaceae |
Selaginella involvens |
Hilly regions of India |
Kara-jodi-kanda |
Hatthaa jodi |
| Selaginellaceae |
Selaginella rupestris |
Indian gardens, as ornaments. |
Little Clubmoss. |
Kara-jodi-Kanda. |
Hatthaajodi. |
| Simaroubaceae |
Ailanthus excelsa |
Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Orissa and southern India. |
Tree of Heaven, Maharukh. |
Aralu, Katvanga, Dirghavranta, Puutivrksha, Bhallu- ka |
Perru, Perumaruttu, Peruppi. |
| Simaroubaceae |
Ailanthus glandulosa |
Native of China and Japan. Found in the hills of northern India |
Tree of Heaven, Ailanto. |
Aralu |
| Simaroubaceae |
Ailanthus malabarica |
The evergreen forests of western Ghats from Konkan southwards. |
Perumaram |
Guggul-dhuupa. |
| Simaroubaceae |
Balanites aegyptiaca |
Drier parts of India, particularly in Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Deccan. |
Desert Date. |
Ingudi, Angaar Vrksha, Taapasadrum, Taapasa vrksha, Dirghkantaka. |
Hingan, Hanguul. |
Nanjunda. |
Hingol, Hingota, Hingothaa |
| Simaroubaceae |
Picrasma quassioides |
Garhwal, Himachal Pradesh and Kulu. |
Quassia |
Bhurangi, Nimbi. |
Nimatotaa. |
| Simaroubaceae |
Quassia indica |
West Coast, along back waters and evergreen forests from Maharashtra southwards to Trivandrum. |
Niepa Bark tree. |
Nibam, Niepa, Karinjottei. |
Lokhandi |
| Solanaceae |
Atropa acuminata |
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh |
Indian Belladonna, Indian Atropa. |
Suuchi. |
Luffaah, Luffaah-Barri, Yabaruj, Shaabiraj. |
| Solanaceae |
Brugmansia suaveolens |
Native to Mexico; grown in Indian gardens. |
Angel’s Trumpet |
| Solanaceae |
Capsicum annuum |
Native to the West Indies and tropical America; now cultivated throughout tropical regions of India. |
Chilli, Red Pepper. |
Raktamaricha, Lankaa, Katuviraa. |
Mirch, Filfil-e-Ahmar, Filfl-e-Surkh, Surkh Mirch. |
Milagay. |
| Solanaceae |
Capsicum frutescens |
Cultivated as a condiment crop. |
Bird Chilli. |
Katuviraa |
Surkh Mirch |
Musi Milagay. |
| Solanaceae |
Datura alba |
Throughout India in plains; wastelands, roadsides and gardens |
Dhattuura (white var.). (Dhattura consists of dried seeds of Datura sp.) |
Dhaturaa. |
| Solanaceae |
Datura innoxia |
Western Himalayas and hilly regions of the western parts of Peninsular India, abundantly in Maharashtra. |
Thornapple |
Dhattuura. |
Dhaturaa, Joz Maasil. |
| Solanaceae |
Datura metel |
Throughout India, particularly in waste place. |
Thornapple, Downy Datura. |
Dhattuura, Dhuurta, Dhastura, Unmatta, Shivapriya, Harapriya, Hema, Haatta, Dhustuu- ra, Dhustuuraka, Kanaka, Maatula |
Dhaturaa. |
Oomatthai, Karu- voomatthai. |
| Solanaceae |
Datura stramonium |
The Himalaya from Kashmir to Sikkim, hilly districts of Central and South India. |
Thornapple, Jimsonweed, Stramonium. |
Krishnadhattuura, Dhuurta (black seed var.), Unmatta, Kitav, Tuuri, Maatul, Madan. |
Dhaturaa |
| Solanaceae |
Hyoscyamus muticus |
North-western Himalayas. Cultivated on limited scale in North Indian plains. |
Egyptian Henbane. |
Paarsika-yavaani (related species), Turushkaa. |
Ajwaayin Khuraasaani, Shuukraan, Tukhm-bang. |
Vajra-bhang |
| Solanaceae |
Hyoscyamus niger |
Native to Europe and Asia. Occurs in the temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Garhwal. |
Indian Henbane, Black Henbane. |
Paarsika-yavaani, Yavaani, Madkaarini, Turushkaa, Khuraashaanikaa, Khuraasaani Ajwaayin. |
Barz-ul-Banj, Khuraasaani Ajwaayin. |
Paarseekayavani, Khurasani Omam. |
| Solanaceae |
Lycium barbarum |
Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra. |
Chirchataa, Chirchitaa, Chirchitta. |
Kheechar Chirchataa. |
| Solanaceae |
Lycopersicon esculentum |
Cultivated in many parts of India. |
Tomato, Love Apple. |
Tamaatar |
| Solanaceae |
Mandragora autumnalis |
Mediterranean region |
Mandrake. |
Wrongly equated with Lakshmanaa, a fertility promoting herb. (In Indian medicine, Panax quinquefolium Linn. and Panax schinseng Nees have been equated with Lakshmanaa.) |
| Solanaceae |
Nicotiana tabacum |
Native to tropical America; cultivated mainly in Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. |
Tobacco. |
Taamraparna, Dhuu- mrapatraa. |
Tambaakhu. |
| Solanaceae |
Physalis alkekengi |
Native to South-east Europe and Japan; naturalized in many parts of the world; grown in Indian gardens. |
Strawberry Tomato, Winter Cherry. (Withania somnifera is also known as Winter Cherry.) |
Raajaputrikaa. |
Kaaknaj. |
| Solanaceae |
Physalis angulata |
Native to tropical America; cultivated in Indian gardens in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu; also grows in moist places as a weed. |
| Solanaceae |
Physalis minima |
Throughout India, |
Sun-berry. |
Tankaari, Parpotikaa, Chirapotikaa. |
Sodakku thakkali |
| Solanaceae |
Physalis peruviana |
Native to tropical America; grown in the hills and plains throughout India. |
Cape Gooseberry |
Parpoti |
Perungunni, Potti-pallam. |
Rasbhari, Mako. |
| Solanaceae |
Physochlaina praealta |
Lahul valley (Punjab), Ladakh, North Kashmir. Western Tibbet |
Daturaa (Ladakh), Laangtaan; Sholar, Bajarbang (Punjab). |
| Solanaceae |
Scopolia anomala |
The Himalayas from Kumaon to Sikkim, |
Scopolia. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum aculeatissimum |
Assam and Kerala, in damp and waste places. |
Brihati (related species, used in Kerala). Brihati and Kantakaari have been used in Indian medicine as synonyms. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum albicaule |
Saurashtra (Gujarat) and Rajasthan. |
Brihati (related species). |
Narkanta (Rajasthan). |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum aviculare |
Introduced to Kashmir for experimental cultivation. |
Kantakaari (related species). |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum dubium |
Sandy coast of Saurashtra (Gujarat). |
Kantakaari |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum dulcamara |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim |
Woody Night Shade, Bittersweet, Bitter Nightshade, Felonwort. |
Kaakamaachi-vishesha, Valli-kantakaarikaa. |
Mako |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum elaeagnifolium |
Native to tropical America; naturalized in India as a weed (met with in cultivated fields and gardens in Coimbatore) |
White Horse-Nettle. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum erianthum |
The tropical and sub- tropical India and the Andamans. Cultivated in South India. (for berries). |
Chundai (Tami Nadu, Kerala); Rasagadimaanu (Andhra Pradesh); Sowdangigida, Kadusinde (Karnataka); Kutri (Maharashtra). Vidaari is a confusing synonym (used by The Wealth of India). (Vidaari is equated with Pureraria tuberosa.) |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum ferox |
Throughout warmer parts of India, |
Poison-Berry |
Brihati, Brihatikaa, Mahati, Hinguli, Prasaha, Vartaki, Kaantaa, Kshudra-bhantaki, Simhi, Bana-bhantaa. Kateri |
Katai Kalaan. |
Mulli, Pappara-mulli, Karimulli. |
Raam-begun (Bengal). |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum indicum |
Throughout India in the plains and foot hills. |
Poison Berry. |
Brihati, Kshudra- bhantaaki, Kateri |
Hadaq, Kataai Kalaan. |
Mullamkatti, Papparamulli |
Barahantaa. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum melongena |
Native to India; cultivated throughout India. |
Eggplant, Brinjal. |
Bhantaki, Bhantaa, Vaartaaka, Vaartaaku, Vaartaakini, Vrintaaka. |
Baingan. |
Kathirikai. |
Baingan, Bhantaa. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum nigrum |
Throughout India, in dry parts |
Black Nightshade. |
Kaakamaachi, Kaakaahya, Kaakamaataa, Dhvankshamaachi. |
Mako (smallar var., black var.) |
Manittakkali. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum spirale |
Assam, Khasi Hills. Banga (Bengal); Titakuchi (Assam); Soh- jhari (Khasi); Mungas-kajur (root, Bihar). |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum torvum |
Throughout tropical parts of India, in waste places. |
West Indian Turkey Berry. |
Brihati (White-flowered- var.), Goshtha-vaartaaku. |
Chundai. |
Ran-Baingan, Goth-begun. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum trilobatum |
Deccan Peninsula. |
Climbing Brinjal. |
Alarka, Valli- kantakaarikaa, Kantakaari-lataa |
Toothuvilai. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum tuberosum |
Native to South America; grown almost throughout India |
Patoto. |
Aaluka, Aaruka, Golaalu. (Aaluka, yam of Indian medicine, is equated with species of Dioscorea.) |
Aaluu. |
| Solanaceae |
Solanum xanthocarpum |
Throughout India. |
Wild Eggplant, Yellow- Berried Nightshade. |
Kantakaari, Kan- takaarikaa, Vyaaghri, Nidigdhikaa, Nidigdhaa, Duhsparshaa, Dhaa- vani, Kshudraa, Keteri (Smallar var.), Bhatakataiyaa. Used as Lakshmanaa. |
Kataai Khurd, Hadaq. |
Kandankatthiri. |
| Solanaceae |
Withania ashwagandha |
Throughout the drier and subtropical parts of India. |
Winter Cherry. (Physalis alkekengi is also known as Winter Cherry.) |
Ashwagandhaa, Haya- gandhaa, Ashwakanda, Gandharva- gandhaa, Turaga, Turagagandhaa, Turangagandhaa, Vaajigandhaa, Gokarnaa, Vrishaa, Varaahakarni, Varadaa, Balyaa, Vaajikari. (A substitute for Kaakoli and Kshira- kaakoli.) Cultivated var.: Asgandh Naagori. (Indian botanists consider the cultivated plants distinct from the wild ones.) |
Asgandh. |
Amukkuramkizhangu. |
| Solanaceae |
Withania coagulans |
Drier parts of Punjab, Gujarat, Simla and Kumaon. |
Vegetable Rennet, Indian Cheese-maker |
Desi Asgandh, Kaaknaj-e- Hindi, Paneer, Paneer-band. Akri (fruit). |
Ammukkura |
| Sonneratiaceae |
Sonneratia caseolaris |
Tidal creeks and mangrove swamps of India. |
Orchaa (Bengal), Tivar, Chipi (Maharashtra). |
| Sterculiaceae |
Abroma augusta |
Throughout the hotter and moister parts of India, from Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, eastwards, to Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura, to Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya and Tripura, southwards in Peninsular India. |
Perennial Indian Hemp, Devil’s Cotton. |
Pishaacha Kaarpaasa, Pivari. |
Ulat-kambal. |
Sivapputtuti. |
Kumal, Sanukapaasi. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Guazuma ulmifolia |
Native to tropical America. Cultivated as a roadside shade tree in warmer parts of the country. |
Bastard Cedar. |
Pundraaksha, Rudraak- shi (fake Rudraaksha). |
Rudraksham and allied names are misnomers for this plant. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Helicteres isora |
Dry forests throughout the country. |
East Indian Screw tree. |
Aavartani, Aavartphalaa, Aavartaki. |
Marorphali |
Valampiri. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Kleinhovia hospita |
Grown in Indian gardens |
Panuitteku (Tamil Nadu). Bol (Bengal). |
| Sterculiaceae |
Melochia corchorifolia |
Kumaon to Sikkim, Gujarat and Peninsular India. |
Pinnakkuppundu. |
Chunch, Bilpat. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Pentapetes phoenicea |
A shrub cultivated as an ornamental throughout the hotter parts of India. |
Bandhujiva, Bandhuuka, Arkavallabha. |
Gul-dupahariaa. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Pterospermum acerifolium |
Maharashtra, Manipur, North Bengal, Bihar and Assam, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands. |
Hathipaila. |
Muchukun- da, Muchakunda, Kshatra-vriksha, Chivuka, Prativishnuka, Muchukunda Champaa. Karnikaara (also equated with Cassia fistula). |
Gul-e-Muchkun. |
Vennangu. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Pterospermum canescens |
Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, occasionally planted in West Bengal. |
Muchukunda |
Sempulavu |
| Sterculiaceae |
Sterculia foetida |
South India, also cultivated on roadsides. The West Coast from Konkan southwards. |
Pinari, Kudirai Pidukku. |
| Sterculiaceae |
Sterculia urens |
Rajasthan, Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, southwards to Western Peninsula. |
Karaya Gum. |
Gond Kateeraa (the authentic source is Cochlospermum religiosum). |
Kavalam. |
Karai, Kandol (Maharashtra, Gujarat). |
| Sterculiaceae |
Theobroma cacao |
Native to tropical America; cultivated in South India and Orissa |
Cocoa, Theobroma, Chocolate tree. |
Shembudu. |
Khar-Duudhi |
| Sterculiaceae |
Waltheria indica |
Tropical regions of India. |
Shembudu. |
Khar-Duudhi (Bengal). |
| Styracaceae |
Styrax officinale |
A native to Asia minor and Syria. |
The True Storax tree. |
Silhaka, Silaarasa, Turushka, Kapitaila, Yavandeshaja. |
Silaajit, Usturak. |
| Styraceae |
Styrax benzoin |
Native to South-East Asia and East Indies. |
True Gum Benzoin, Sumatra Benzoin or Gum Benjamin |
Lobaan. |
Saambiraani. |
| Symphoremataceae |
Swietenia mahagoni |
Native to Central America; cultivated in South India. |
West Indian Mahogany |
Ciminukku. |
Mahaagani |
| Symphoremataceae |
Symphorema involucratum |
Indo-Malayasian region. Found in Deccan Peninsula, Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Nagaland. |
Surudu, Konatekkali, Gubbadaara (Telugu). |
| Symplocaceae |
Symplocos paniculata |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh |
Sapphire Berry |
Lodhra-Pattikaa. |
Lodh Pathaani. |
| Symplocaceae |
Symplocos racemosa |
Throughout North and eastern India, extending southwards to Peninsular India. |
Lodh tree, Sapphire Berry. |
Lodhra, Rodhra, Shaavara., Sthulavalkal, Trita, Pattikaa Lodhra, Shaabara Lodhra. |
Lodh Pathaani. |
Vellilethi, Velli- lothram. |
| Taccaceae |
Tacca pinnatifida |
Entire Deccan Peninsula, extending into Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. |
Fiji Arrowroot, Tahiti Arrowroot. |
Suurana. (Instead of wild var., cultivated elephant-foot- yam, Amorphophallus paeoniifolius var. campanulatus, is used.) |
Karachunai |
| Tamaricaceae |
Tamarix aphylla |
Saline soils of Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. |
Athel, Tamarisk. |
Maacheeka, Maachikaa |
Maayin Khurd |
Sivappattushavukku. |
Laal jhaau. Galls—Chhoti- Maayin. |
| Tamaricaceae |
Tamarix dioica |
Throughout in river beds and near sea-coasts in Tamil Nadu. |
Maachikaa (related species). |
Nirumari. |
Jhaau. Galls—Maayin |
| Tamaricaceae |
Tamarix ericoides |
South India, in river beds. |
Maachika (related species). |
Jhaau |
| Tamaricaceae |
Tamarix indica |
North Indian saline or water-logged soils; on sandy banks in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and South India. |
Takut Galls. |
Jhaavuka, Bahugranthi- kaa, Shaavaka. |
Maayeen Kalaan (large galls), Maayeen Khurd (small galls |
Sirusavakku. |
Jhaau. |
| Taxaceae |
Taxus baccata |
Temperate Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Manipur. |
European Yew. Himalayan Yew is equated with Taxus wal- lichiana Zucc., synonym T. baccata Linn. subspecies wallichiana (Zucc.) Pilgoe, T. baccata Hook. f. |
Thunera, Sthauneya, Sthauneyaka, Shukapushpa, Dhaatri-patra, Vikarna. (Not a substitute for Taalisapatra.) |
Zarnab |
Taaleespatri Bhedam. |
Birmi, Thuno |
| Tetragoniaceae |
Tetragonia expansa |
Cultivated in the hills of North Bengal, Shillong and other hill stations, and in the Deccan, in Mysore. |
New Zealand Spinach |
Chikesoppu (Karnataka). |
| Theaceae |
Camellia sinensis |
Cultivated in Assam, Darjeeling, Travancore, the Nilgiris, Malabar, Bengal, Dehra Dun and Kumaon. |
Tea. |
Chaai, Shaahi, Shaayi. |
Thaeyilai. |
| Theaceae |
Gordonia obtusa |
Konkan and Western Ghats |
Miyili, Atangi, Ola, Nagette, Thorilla (Tamil Nadu). |
| Theaceae |
Schima wallichii |
Eastern Himalayas from Nepal eastwards to Assam, Khasi Hills and Manipur |
Chilauni Needle Wood. |
Chilauni. Makria (Assam). |
| Thymelaceaceae |
Lasiosiphon eriocephalus |
Deccan and Western Ghats, from Konkan southwards |
Nachinaar (Tamil). |
Raamethaa (Maharashtra). |
| Thymelaceae |
Aquilaria agallocha |
The hills of Assam, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Manipur and Tripura. |
Aloewood, Eaglewood, Agarwood. |
Aguru, Krimij, Krish- naaguru, Jongaka, Maaliyaka, Loha, Kaalaloha, Asitaka. |
Ood-ul Hindi, Ood Gharqi |
Akil kattai, Agil |
| Thymelaeaceae |
Daphne oleoides |
The Western Himalayas |
Mezereon. |
Kutilal, Kanthan (Punjab). |
| Thymelaeaceae |
Wikstroemia indica |
Eastern Assam; as a weed in Tamil Nadu. |
Small-Leaf Salago. |
Salago. |
| Tiliaceae |
Corchorus aestuans |
Throughout the warmer parts of India, as a weed. |
White Jute. (Tossa Jute is equated with C. olitorius Linn.). |
Chunchu, Chanchu, Chinchaa. (bigger var. is equated with C. olitorius; smallar var. with C. capsularis.) |
Chench shaaka, Titapat (Bengal). |
| Tiliaceae |
Corchorus capsularis |
Throughout warmer parts of India; extensively cultivated in West Bengal. |
White Jute. |
Kaala shaaka. |
Pirattai-keerai. |
Naadi shaaka, Narichaa. |
| Tiliaceae |
Corchorus fascicularis |
Throughout warmer parts of India. |
Chanchuka, Chanchu. |
Chanchu shaaka, Baaphali |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia asiatica |
Extensively cultivated in India. |
Parushaka, Parusha. |
Phaalsaa. |
Palisa, Thadachi. |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia hirsuta |
Sub-Himalayan tract from the Indus to Nepal, also in hills of Bihar, Orissa and Tamil Nadu. |
Naagabalaa, Gud- sharkaraa. |
Tavadu. |
Gulshakari. |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia populifolia |
Cultivated in Punjab, Sind, Rajasthan and Western India, down to the Nilgiri Hills. |
Gaangeru(ki). Substitute for Gulshakari (Naagabalaa). |
Achhu. |
Gangeran. |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia sclerophylla |
Sub-Himalayan tract and outer hills from Kumaon to Bhutan |
Parushaka (related species), Dhanvana (related species |
Kattu Kadali. |
Jangali Phaalsaa. |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia tiliaefolia |
Upper Gengetic plain, Bi- har, Bengal, Central and Peninsular India. |
Dhaman. |
Dhanvana, Dhanur- vriksha. |
Tarra, Unnu, Sadachi. |
Dhaamin, Dhaaman |
| Tiliaceae |
Grewia villosa |
Punjab, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. |
Tamthar. |
Kullai. |
Dhohan (Rajasthan), Jalidar (Punjab), Kharamati (Maharashtra |
| Tiliaceae |
Microcos paniculata |
North-eastern parts of India, West Bengal, Western Ghats and Andaman Islands. |
Asar (Bengal); Thengprenke- orong (Assam); Kadambu, Visalam, Kottei (Tamil Nadu); Abhrangu (Karnataka). |
| Tiliaceae |
Tilia |
| Tiliaceae |
Triumfetta rhomboidea |
Throughout tropical and subtropical India |
Burbush, Burweed |
Jhinjhireetaa, Gippit |
Ottupullu. |
Chikti, Biriyaaraa. |
| Trapaceae |
Trapa bispinosa |
Throughout India. |
Water Chestnut. |
Shrngaataka, Shrngaata, Shrngamuula, Trikota, Jalapha-la, Trikonaphala, Paaniyaphala, Jalkanda, Trikona, Trika. |
Singhaaraa |
Singara |
| Tropaeolaceae |
Tropaeolum majus |
Native to South America; grown as an ornamental and salad herb. |
Burbush, Burweed |
Jhinjhireetaa, Gippit. |
Ottupullu. |
Chikti, Biriyaaraa. |
| Turneraceae |
Turnera ulmifolia |
West Bengal and Orissa and in the Peninsular India, particularly on the coast |
West Indian Holly, Sagerose. |
Bhinjir |
| Typhaceae |
Typha australis |
Throughout India |
Lesser Indian Reed-Mace. |
Gundra, Gundraa, Gundraka, Guntha. (Gundraa has also been interpreted as Bhadramustaa, Cyperus rotundus Linn.) |
Sambu. |
Pater, Gondapateraa. |
| Typhaceae |
Typha elephantina |
Kashmir and from Uttar Pradesh to Assam, in stagnant, fresh and brackish-water. |
Elephant Grass, Bulrush, Indian Reed-Mace. |
Gundra, Gundraa, Gundraka, Potagala. (related species of T. australis.) |
Anai Korai, Chambu |
Gondapateraa |
| Typhaceae |
Typha laxmanni |
Kashmir (Gilgit) |
Scented Flag. |
Airakaa. |
Pizh (Kashmir |
| Ulmaceae |
Gironniera reticulata |
Northeastern parts of India and in Deccan Peninsula. |
Kodaittani. |
Narakyaa-ood (Maharashtra, Indian bazar). |
| Ulmaceae |
Holoptelea integrifolia |
Throughout greater parts of India, also grown in gardens |
Chirbilva, Putika, Prakirya. |
Avil thol, Ayil pattai (bark) |
| Ulmaceae |
Trema orientalis |
Throughout India in humid regions, |
Charcoal tree, Indian Nettle tree. |
Ambaratthi, Chenko- lam. |
Gio. |
| Ulmaceae |
Ulmus wallichiana |
The North Western Himalayas. |
Himalayan Elm. Slippery Elm is equated with Ulmus fulva. |
Hemar, Kitamaara. |
| Umbeliferae |
Ferula persica |
Native to Arabia and Persia. |
Sagapenum. |
Sakbeenaj, Sakbekh |
| Umbelliferae |
Angelica archangelica |
Native to Syria; now grown in Kashmir |
Chandaa, Chandaam- shuka, Kathachoraa. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ammi majus |
Cultivated in Jammu and Himachal Pradesh. |
Biship’s Weed-Amee, Greater Ammi. |
Itarilaal, Khalah. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ammi visnaga |
Cultivated as a garden ornamental; runs wild at many places in Jammu region. |
Khella. |
Paashaanabhedi (controversial; Bergenia ligulata has been equated with the classical Paashaanabheda). |
| Umbelliferae |
Anethum sowa |
Cultivated all over India. |
Indian Dill, Sowa. |
Shataahvaa. Shata- pushpaa (also accepted as Foenicu- lum vulgare Mill., equated with Mishreya, Mishi, Madhurikaa). |
Shibt, Soyaa |
Sadakuppai. |
| Umbelliferae |
Angelica glauca |
Kashmir and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh, |
Angelica. |
Choraka, Chorakaa, Kopanaa, Chorakaakhya, Nishaachara, Dhanhar, Taskara, Kshemaka. |
| Umbelliferae |
Apium graveolens |
Native to Europe; cultivated in northwestern Himalayas and in hills of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and southern India. |
Celery |
Ajmodaa, Ajmoda, Ajmodikaa, Dipyaka. |
Karafs. |
Celery-keerai |
Ajmodaa |
| Umbelliferae |
Apium leptophyllum |
Native to America; culti- vated in Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka. |
Ajmodaa, Dipyaka |
Ajmod, Karafs-e-Hindi. |
Omam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Bupleurum flacutum |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan and the Khasi Hills |
Hare’s Ear |
Shingu (Himachal Pradesh), Sipil (Punjab), Thaanyo (Garhwal). |
| Umbelliferae |
Carum bulbocastanum |
Cultivated in the hills and plains of North India and in the hills of South India |
Black Caraway |
Krishna jiraka, Kaashmira jirak. |
Jiraa Siyaah, Kamoonarmani |
Shemai-shiragam, Pilappu-shiragam |
| Umbelliferae |
Carum carvi |
Native to Europe and West Asia. Now cultivated in Bihar, Orissa, Punjab, Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, and in the hills of Kumaon, Garhwal, Kashmir and Chamba.Also found wild in the North
Himalayan regions.
|
Caraway |
Krishna jiraka, Jiraa, Kaaravi, Asita Jiraka, Kaashmirajiraka, Prithvikaa, Upakunchikaa, Sugandha Udgaar, Shodhana |
Zeeraa Siyaah, Kamoon, Kamoon-roomi |
Shimai-shembu, Semai Seearagam, Karamjiragam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Centella asiatica |
In marshy places throughout India up to |
Asiatic Pennywort, Indian Pennywort |
Manduukaparni, Manduukaparnikaa, Maanduuki, Saraswati, Brahma-manduuki |
Vallaarai |
| Umbelliferae |
Conium maculatum |
North temperate regions |
Spotted Hemlock, Poison Hemlock |
Khardmaanaa, Shuk |
| Umbelliferae |
Coriandrum sativum |
Cultivated chiefly in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Bihar |
Coriander |
Dhaanyaka, Kustumburu, Dhaanyeyaka, Dhanika, Dhanikaa, Dhaanaa, Dhaanya, Dhaniyaa, Kunati, Chhatraa, Vitunnaka |
Kishneez |
Kotthamalli. |
| Umbelliferae |
Cuminum cyminum |
Native to the Mediterranean region; now cultivated in Punjab and Uttar Pradesh |
Cumin |
Shveta-jiraka, Ajaaji, Shukla-ajaaji. The three jirakas mentioned in the Ayurvedic texts are: Jiraka, Krishna Jiraka (Carum bulbocastanum W. Koch.) and Kaaravi (Carum carvi Linn.) |
Safed Jeeraa, Kamun |
Cheerakam |
| Umbelliferae |
Daucus carota |
Native to Europe and the Mediterranean region; extensively cultivated in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh for its fleshy tap roots which are eaten raw or cooked. Wild Carrot: Native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Grows at , – , m in the Himalayas |
Carrot, Cultivated Carrot. Wild carrot (D. carota Linn.wildvar.: the root, small and white),
Queen Anne’s Lace, Bird’s Nest.
Bees’ Nest Plant |
Gaajara, Garjara, Granjana. |
Gaajar |
| Umbelliferae |
dissectifolia |
| Umbelliferae |
Dorema ammoniacum |
Persia, South-West Asia, Southern Siberia. |
Ammoniacum, Gum ammoniac |
Uushaka, Ushaka |
Ushaq, Ushah, Kandal |
| Umbelliferae |
Eryngium caeruleum |
Kashmir and Western Himalayas. |
Pahaari Gaajar, Dudhali (Punjab), Saleli-misri. |
| Umbelliferae |
Eryngium foetidum |
Assam up to ,m, found as a garden plant in Dehra Dun. |
Sea Holly. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ferula foetida |
Native to Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan. F. narthex occurs in Kashmir. |
Asafoetida. |
Hingu, Hinguka, Raamattha, Baahlika, Jatuka, Sahasravedhi, Vedhi. |
Hilteet, Hing. |
Perunkaayam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ferula galbaniflua |
Native to Persia. Oc- casionally grown North-Western Himalaya. |
Galbanum. |
Gaosheer, Jawaasheer. (Galbanum has been wrongly equated with Gandhbirozaa, the oleo-resin of Pine.) |
| Umbelliferae |
Ferula jaeschkeana |
Jammu and Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh from ,to ,m. |
Hingupatri. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ferula narthex |
Kashmir. |
Narthex asafoetida. |
Hingu (var.). |
Hilteet, Hing. |
Perungayam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Ferula sumbul |
Native to Central Asia. |
Musk Root. |
Sumbul, Sambala. |
| Umbelliferae |
Foeniculum vulgare |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region; now cultivated mainly in Punjab, Assam, Maha- rashtra and Vadodara (Gujarat). |
Fennel. (Poison hemlock has been misidentied as fennel.) |
Mishreyaa, Mishi, Mad- hurikaa, Madhuraa, Shatapushpaa, Shataahvaa. (Shatpushpaa is equat- ed with Saunf and Shataahvaa with Soyaa. Some authors treat these as vice-versa.) |
Baadiyaan, Saunf. |
Sombu. |
| Umbelliferae |
Heracleum candicans |
Chamba, Kulu, Jammu & Kashmir, Bushahr, Garhwal and Kumaon Hills. |
Cowparsnip. |
Kaindal (Kashmir), Gandhraayana (Garhwal). |
| Umbelliferae |
himalaica |
Native to Syria; now grown in Kashmir at ,,m. |
Chandaa, Chandaam- shuka, Kathachoraa. |
| Umbelliferae |
Hydrocotyle javanica |
The Himalayas, Khasi Hills and Western Ghats. |
Manduukaparni (related species). |
Brahma-manduuki (Sikkim). |
| Umbelliferae |
Pastinaca sativa |
Native to Europe; grows in cool climate in India. (Hollow Crown, Student and Large Guernsey are Indian horticultural varieties.) |
Parsnip. |
| Umbelliferae |
Pastinaca secacul |
Native to Europe. |
Wild Parsnip. |
Shaqaaq-ul-Misri. |
| Umbelliferae |
Petroselinum crispum |
Native to Europe, now cultivated throughout India. |
Parsley. |
Fitraasaaliyum, Karafs-e- Kohi. |
| Umbelliferae |
Peucedanum grande |
Western Ghats and hills of Peninsular India. |
Baaphali (Gujarat), Duku. |
| Umbelliferae |
Pimpinella anisum |
Native to the Mediter- ranean region; cultivated in Uttar Pradesh., Punjab, Assam and Orissa. |
| Umbelliferae |
Pimpinella saxifraga |
Kashmir |
Burnet Saxifrage, Pimpinella Root. |
| Umbelliferae |
Prangos pabularia |
Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh at altitudes of , ,m. |
Avipriya. |
Baadiyaan-kohi, Karafs-e- kohi, Fitraasaaliyun (also equated with Petroselinum crispum Mill. Nym. ex auct. Kew.). |
Komal. |
| Umbelliferae |
roxburghianum |
Cultivated throughout India. |
Ajmud. |
Ajamodaa, Ajamoda, Ayamoda, Ajmoja, Dipyaka. |
Karafs-e-Hindi. |
Ashamtagam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Sanicula europaea |
Europe, including Britain. The Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, Assam, Western Ghats and Palni hills in South India. |
Wood Sanicle. |
| Umbelliferae |
sativa |
Native to Europe and the Mediterranean region; extensively cultivated in Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh for its eshy tap roots which are eaten raw or cooked. Wild Carrot: Native to Europe, Africa and Asia. Grows at ,,m in the Himalayas. |
Carrot, Cultivated Carrot. Wild carrot (D. carota Linn.wild var.: the root, small and white), Queen Annes Lace, Birds Nest. Bees Nest Plant. |
Gaajara, Garjara, Granjana. |
Gaajar. |
| Umbelliferae |
Selinum monnieri |
East Bengal, Bhutan and Assam. |
Muraa (var.). |
| Umbelliferae |
Selinum tenuifolium |
The Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal at altitudes of ,,m. |
Muraa, Surabhi, Daitya, Gandhakuti, Gandhavati. (Substi- tute for Nardostachys jatamansi. ) |
Mural. |
Bhuutakeshi (Kashmir), Muur (Garhwal). |
| Umbelliferae |
Selinum vaginatum |
North-Western Himalayas from Kashmir to Kumaon at altitudes of ,,m. |
Rochanaa-Tagara. |
Peshaavari-Bhuutakeshi (Kashmir), Taggar (Garhwal). |
| Umbelliferae |
Seseli indicum |
OuterhillsoftheHimalayas in Kumaon and in the plains from Punjab to Bengal, and in Tamil Nadu and Mysore. |
Vanya-yamaani. |
| Umbelliferae |
Seseli sibiricum |
Jammu and Kashmir at altitudes of ,to ,m. |
| Umbelliferae |
Trachyspermum ammi |
Cultivated in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Bihar. |
Ammi, Lovage, Carum, Ajowan. |
Yavaani, Yamaani, Yavaanikaa, Yamaanikaa, Dipyaka. |
Nankhwaah, DesiAjawaayin. |
Omam. |
| Umbelliferae |
Trachyspermum roxburghianum |
Cultivated throughout India |
Ajmud |
Ajamodaa, Ajamoda, Ayamoda, Ajmoja, Dipyaka. |
Karafs-e-Hindi |
Ashamtagam |
| Unknown |
Bombax ceiba |
| Unknown |
Brucea sativa |
| Unknown |
Carallia brachiata |
Throughout India, up to an altitude of , m, and in the Andamans |
Karalli, Kierpa. Varanga (Malyalam). |
| Unknown |
Commiphora |
| Unknown |
Cucumis trigonus |
Wild throughout the drier upland tracts of India |
Indravaaruni (var.). |
Kattutumatti |
Vishlumbha, Bhakuraa |
| Unknown |
Gnida glauca |
Western Ghats |
| Unknown |
Jasminum arborescens |
Sub-Himalayan tract, Bengal, Central and South India. |
Tree Jasmine. |
Nava-mallikaa |
Nagamalli |
Chameli (var.), Maalati (var.) |
| Unknown |
typicus |
| Unknown |
amara |
| Unknown |
Tacca aspera |
Aka hills in Arunachal Pradesh |
Vaaraahikanda (substitute), Vaaraahi. (Dioscorea bulbifera is equated with Vaaraahikanda.) |
Duukarkand (Gujarat). |
| Unknown |
Taraktogenos kurzii |
Throughout upper Assam and Tripura in evergreen forests |
Chaalmogra |
| Unknown |
Xylocarpus granatum |
Coastal regions ofIndia,
especially in Tamil Nadu |
The Puzzle Fruit tree |
Somanthiri, Kanlolanyey. |
Pussur, Dhundul |
| Urticaceae |
Girardinia heterophylla |
Temperate and sub-tropical Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim, and in Assam and Khasi hills |
Himalayan Nettle |
Vrishchikaa |
Bichhuu-booti, Awaa, Chikri. |
| Urticaceae |
Laportea crenulata |
Tropical Himalayas from Nepal eastwards, Bihar, Chota Nagpur, Bengal, Assam, Anaimalai Hills and Western Ghats in Kerala |
Devil Nettle, Fever Nettle |
Perunkanchori |
Utigun, Chorpaat (Bengal). (Uttangan is equated with Blepharis edulis Pers.) |
| Urticaceae |
Urtica dioica |
North-western Himalaya from Kashmir to Simla |
Stinging Nettle |
Vrishchhiyaa-shaaka (related species) |
Anjuraa |
Shisuun (Kumaon) |
| Urticaceae |
Urtica parviflora |
Temperate Himalayas and the Nilgiris |
Vrishchhiyaa-shaaka |
Shisuun (Kumaon) |
| Urticaceae |
Urtica pilulifera |
Simla and other hill stations |
Roman Nettle |
Used as a substitute for Vrishchiyaa-shaaka |
Anjuraa |
| Usneaceae |
Usnea longissima |
Common in temperate and alpine Himalayas, as a moss on trees. |
Liche |
Ushnaa |
| Vacciniaceae |
Vaccinium myrtillus |
UK, Europe and North America. (About species of Vaccinium are found in India.) |
Bilberry, Blueberry. |
| Valerianacea |
Valeriana dubia |
Western Himalayas, Kashmir at Sonamarg at , ,m. |
Common Valerian. |
Abhramaansi. |
| Valerianacea |
Valeriana leschenaultii |
Karnakata and the Nilgiris. |
Tagara (related species). |
Sugandhabaalaa, Taggar, Baalaka. |
| Valerianaceae |
brunoniana |
Alpine Himalayas, Kumaon, Sikkim and Bhutan. |
Spikenard, Musk-root. |
Maansi, Jataamaansi, Bhuutajataa, Tapaswini, Sulo- mashaa, Jatilaa, Naladaa. |
Sumbul-e-Hindi, Sambul-ut- Teeb, Naardeen-e-Hindi, Baalchhar. |
Sadamanchil. |
| Valerianaceae |
Nardostachys jatamansi |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of ,,m and in the Khasi and Jaintia hills between ,and ,m. |
Sugandhabaalaa, Tagger, Taggar-ganthodaa. Asaarun (Ku- maon). |
| Valerianaceae |
Valeriana hardwickii |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan at altitudes of , – , m and in the Khasi and Jaintia hills between , and , m |
| Valerianaceae |
Valeriana officinalis |
Native to Eurasia. ( V. ocinalis auct. non Linn. is found in Kashmir at Sonamarg at , ,m) |
Valerian, Garden He- liotrope, Common Valerian. |
Tagara, Nata. Baalaka (syn. Udichya, Jala, Barhishtha) is also equated with Valeriana sp. |
Sugandhabaalaa, taggar. |
| Valerianaceae |
Valeriana pyrolaefolia |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan. |
Dhyaamaka (including among aromatic drugs of Jatamansi group.) |
Sugandhabaalaa. |
| Valerianaceae |
Valeriana wallichii |
Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Bhutan, above ,m, and Khasia Hills. |
Indian Valerian. |
Tagara, Sugandhabaalaa, Kaalaanusaari, Kaalaanusaarikaa, Nata. ( Delphinum brunonianum Royle, Ranunculaceae, syn. Kutila, Nata, Vakra, is also used as Tagara.) |
Asaarun, TagarReshewaalaa. Siddha Tagarai. |
Taggar, Baalaka, Mushkbaalaa, Asaarun, Tagar-ganthodaa. |
| Verbenaceae |
aculeata |
Native to tropical America; naturalized and occurs throughout India. Also grown as hedge plant. |
Lantana, Wild Sage, Surinam Tea Plant. |
Chaturaangi, Vanachch- hedi. |
Unnichedi. |
Ghaaneri (Maharashtra). |
| Verbenaceae |
Avicennia officinalis |
A tree occurring in salt marshes and tidal creeks. |
White mangrove. |
Tuvara. |
Kandal. |
Tivaria (Gujarat), Upattam (Tamil Nadu). |
| Verbenaceae |
Callicarpa macrophylla |
Sub-Himalayan tracts, from Hazara eastwards to Assam, up to ,m. |
Perfumed Cherry. |
Priyangu, Priyan- gukaa, Priyaka, Gandhphali, Gandhpriyangu, Phalini, Vanitaa, Kaantaa, Kaantaahvaa, Shyamaa, Anganaapriya. |
Habb-ul-Mihlb ( Prunus mahaleb Linn., Rosaceae). |
Gnazhal, Chokkala. (Fruits of Aglaia roxburghiana Miq. are used as Priyangu.) |
| Verbenaceae |
Clerodendrum indicum |
Cultivatedasanornamental throughout India, especially in South and Eastern India. |
Turks Turban, Tube- Flower. |
Vaamana-haati (a substitute for Bhaarangi). |
Kavalai, Narivalai. |
| Verbenaceae |
Clerodendrum inerme |
Throughout India in tidal forests, wild all over coastal areas; planted in gardens in Tamil Nadu. |
Smooth Volkameria. |
Putigandhaa, Kundali, Vanajai. |
Peenaari, Sangan- kuppi. |
Lanjai. |
| Verbenaceae |
Clerodendrum infortunatum |
Throughout India. |
Bhaandira, Bhaandi, Kaari. Also known as Bhaarangi ( C. serratum ). |
Karukanni, Perugilai. |
| Verbenaceae |
Clerodendrum phlomidis |
Throughout India, in the drier parts. |
Agnimantha, Tarkaari, Vikraantaa, Jayanti, Jai, Jayaa, Ganikaarikaa, Vaijayanti, Bigger var. is equated with Premna integri- folia Linn., Shriparni, Naadeyi. |
Tazhuthaazhai. |
Laghu Arni. |
| Verbenaceae |
Clerodendrum serratum |
A shrub distributed throughout the country, especially common in Assam and Bengal. English ) Blue-flowered Glory tree, Beetle Killer. |
Bhaargi, Bhaarangi, Angaarvalli, Phanji, Braahmanyashtikaa, Kharshaak, Padma, Bhragubhavaa, Brahmayashtikaa |
Kandoorbarangi (root), cherutekku |
| Verbenaceae |
Duranta plumieri |
Cultivated as a hedge plant. |
Durantaa. |
| Verbenaceae |
Gmelina arborea |
Throughout India, up to ,m on thehills and in Andaman Island; also grown in gardens. |
Candahar tree, White Teak. |
Gambhaari, Kaash- mari, Kaashmarya, Sarvatobhadraa, Bhadra, Mahaabhadraa, Sadaab- hadraa, Madhuparnikaa, Sriparni, Pitarohini, Hiraa, Bhadraparni, Trishati. |
Kattanam, Kumizham |
| Verbenaceae |
Gmelina asiatica |
South India; planted in gardens in Maharashtra and West Bengal. |
Small Cashmere tree. |
Gambhaari (related species), Gopabhadra, Vikari- ni. |
Kumizham |
| Verbenaceae |
Lantana camara |
Native to tropical America; naturalized and occurs throughout India. Also grown as hedge plant |
Lantana, Wild Sage, Surinam Tea Plant |
) Chaturaangi, Vanachchhedi. |
Unnichedi |
Ghaaneri (Maharashtra) |
| Verbenaceae |
Lippia geminata |
Bihar and Orissa to Assam; Madhya Pradesh, Nilgiris and Anaimalais up to m in wet places and river banks. |
Basula (Madhya Pradesh), Naagaa-aiari (Orissa). |
| Verbenaceae |
Lippia nodiflora |
Throughout India, in wet places and river banks. |
Wild sage. |
Jalapippali, Shaaradi, Shakulaadani, Jalakarnaa, Matsya- gandhaa. Laangali (now equated with Gloriosa superba ). |
Bukkum Booti. |
Paduthalai. |
| Verbenaceae |
Phyla nodiflora |
Throughout India, near fresh water bodies. |
Jalapippali, Shaaradi, Shakulaadani, Matsyagandhaa, Matsyaadani, Laangali, Vashiraa. |
Poduthalai. |
| Verbenaceae |
Premna herbacea |
The sub-tropical Himalayas andinAssam, extendingsouthwards through West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa into Deccan Peninsula. Roots are usually confused with those of Clerodendrum serratum and are sold as Bhaarangi. |
Siru Thekku. |
Gethiaa, Ghantu Bhaarangi. Baaman-haati (Bengal). Fruits are known as Bhuumi-jambu, Phin Jaamun. The root is known as Bhaarangamuula; in Andhra Pradesh, Gandu Bhaarangi. |
| Verbenaceae |
Premna integrifolia |
Indian and Andaman Coasts, plains of Assam and Khasi hills. |
Headache tree. |
Agnimantha (Kerala), Shriparni, Jayee, Ganikaarikaa, Vaataghni. |
Munnai |
Agethaa, Ganiyaari. |
| Verbenaceae |
Premna latifolia |
Peninsular India, Bihar, West Bengal and North-eastern India. |
Dusky Fire Brand Bark. |
Agnimantha (var.). |
Pachumullai, Erumai munnai. |
Agethu (var.). |
| Verbenaceae |
Premna tomentosa |
Peninsular India and Bihar up to ,m. |
Bastard Teak. |
| Verbenaceae |
Pygmaeopemna herbacea |
Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Orissa and in some parts of Kerala. |
Bhumi-jambu. |
Siru Thekku. |
| Verbenaceae |
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis |
Cultivated in gardens. |
Brazilian Tea, Bastard Vervain, Aarons Rod. |
Kariyartharani. |
Simainayuruvi, Simainaivirunji, Naioringi. |
Chirchiti, Marang Chirchiti. |
| Verbenaceae |
Tectona grandis |
A tree occurring in Western Peninsula, Central India and Bihar. |
Teak tree. |
Shaaka, Bhuumisaha, Dwaaradaaru, Varadaaru, Kharach- hada, Saagawaan, Saagauna. |
Thekku. |
| Verbenaceae |
Verbena officinalis |
The Himalayas, Khasi and Lushai Hills, Bihar, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra. |
Vervain, Pigeons Grass. |
Saal-ul-hamaam, Faristari- un. |
| Verbenaceae |
Vitex agnus-castus |
Mediterranean region; South-West Asian countries, up to Pakistan. (Seeds are imported from Iran.) |
Monks Pepper-tree, Hemp tree. |
Renukaa (seed). Renukaa and Harenukaa are synonyms in Indian medicine. |
Sambhaalu. |
| Verbenaceae |
Vitex leucoxylon |
Throughout Deccan Peninsula. |
Paaraavata-padi, Kaakajanghaa. (Kaakajanghaa is also equated with Leea aequata Linn.) |
| Verbenaceae |
Vitex negundo |
Throughout India in the warmer zones; ascending to m in the North-western Himalaya. |
Five-leaved Chaste tree. |
Nirgundi, Shephaa- likaa, Sindhuka, Sindhuvaara, Suvahaa, Sugandhikaa. Nila, Nila- nirgundi, Shveta nirgundi (var.). White-owered var. is known as Sinduvaara, blue-owered as Nirgundi or Shephaali, |
Sambhaalu, Fanjankisht. |
Nochi, Nalla Nochi, Vellai Nochchi, Nirkundi. |
| Verbenaceae |
Vitex peduncularis |
Assam, West Bengal, Bihar and South India. |
Kaakajanghaa. ( Leea aequata Linn. is also equated with Kaakajanghaa.) |
Chirai-godaa, Chirai-gorwaa, Naagpheni. |
| Verbenaceae |
Vitex trifolia |
Throughout India in tropical and subtropical regions. |
Sinduvaara, Nirgundi (white var.). |
Karu Nochi, Siru Nochi. |
Paani-Sambhaalu. |
| Violaceae |
Ionidium suffruticosum |
The warmer parts of India from Delhi to Bengal and throughout Deccan Peninsula. |
Amburuha. |
Orilaithamarai. |
Ratna-purush. |
| Violaceae |
stocksii |
Punjab, Western Rajasthan, Gujarat. |
Banafashaa (related species). |
Jinkobanafashaa (Gujarat). |
| Violaceae |
Viola biflora |
The temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim at altitudes of ,,m. |
Banafashaa (related species). |
| Violaceae |
Viola cinerea |
Punjab, WesternRajasthan, Gujarat |
Banafashaa (related species) |
Jinkobanafashaa (Gujarat) |
| Violaceae |
Viola odorata |
NativetoEurope; cultivated in Kashmir. |
Sweet Violet. |
Banafashaa, Banafsaj, Kakosh, Fareer. |
| Violaceae |
Viola patrinii |
The Himalayas, Eastern and Western Ghats. |
Banafashaa (related species). |
| Violaceae |
Viola pilosa |
Kashmir to Sikkim and Nilgiri hills at ,,m. |
Banafashaa (related species) |
Thungtu (Kumaon). |
| Violaceae |
Viola sylvestris |
Kashmir at ,,m. |
Pale Wood Violet, Wood Violet. |
Banafashaa (related species). |
| Violaceae |
Viola tricolor |
Native to Europe; grown as an ornamental. |
Heartsease, Wild Pansy. |
Banafashaa (related species). |
| Viscaceae |
Viscum album |
) Temperate Himalayas from Kashmir to Nepal between , and , m (a semiparasitic plant). |
European Mistletoe |
Bandaaka, Suvarnabandaaka. Vrikshaadani (substitute). |
Kishmish Kaabuli |
| Viscaceae |
Viscum articulatum |
Most parts of India; a superparasite in Western India on Loranthus sp. which itself is parasitic on Eugenia sp. |
Bandaak (related species); Jivantikaa, Kaamavriksha, Nilavalli. ( The Wealth of India. ) |
Panapuuduu (Maharashtra), Bodobaando (Gujarat). |
| Viscaceae |
Viscum monoicum |
Sikkim, a parasite of Strychnos nux-vomica tree. |
Katukavalli, Pashu- mohanikaa. |
Pulluri, Pullurivi. |
Kuchleikaa-malang, Kuchle- kaa-baandaa. |
| Viscaceae |
Viscum orientale |
Bihar, West Bengal and Kerala. (The plant parasitizing Strychnos nux-vomica tree are used in Indian medicine.) |
Baandaa. |
| Vitaceae |
Cayratia carnosa |
Throughout the warmer parts of India, from Jammu and Rajasthan to Assam and up to m. |
Gandira. |
Tumans. |
| Vitaceae |
Cayratia pedata |
Bihar, West Bengal and Assam, up to m. |
Godhaapadi. |
Kattuppirandai. |
| Vitaceae |
Cissus quadrangula |
Throughout the warmer parts of India, also cultivated in gardens. |
Square Stalked Vine, Adamant Creeper. |
Asthisamhaara, Asthisamhrita. Asthi-samyojaka, Vajravalli, Chaturdhaaraa. |
Hadjod. |
Perandai. |
| Vitaceae |
Leea aequata |
Northern Eastern India, West Peninsula and the Andamans. |
Kaakajanghaa, Nadikaantaa, Sulomaasha, Paaraa- vatapaadi. |
| Vitaceae |
Leea crispa |
North-Eastern India and in Western parts of Deccan Peninsula. |
Banachelt (Maharashtra), Banachalit (Bengal), Nalugu, Nellu (Kerala). |
| Vitaceae |
Leea indica |
Forests of tropical and subtropical India, from Himalayas as far west as Kumaon, and southwards to the Peninsula. |
Chhatri, Karkatajihvaa, Kukurjihvaa. |
Nalava, Nyekki, Ottanali. |
Karkani (Maharashtra). |
| Vitaceae |
Leea macrophylla |
Throughout hotter parts of India. |
Hastikanda, Hasti-karna Palaasha; Kekidandaa. |
Hatkan, Dholsamudra, Haath, Kaan. |
| Vitaceae |
Parthenocissus himalayana |
Throughout the Himalayas. |
Kandur (Jaunsar), Philunaa (Garhwal) Laderi (Kumaon). |
| Vitaceae |
Tetrastigma serrulatum |
From Garhwal to Bhutan, up to an altitude of ,m. |
Charchari (Nepal). |
| Vitaceae |
Vitis vinifera |
A woody, shrubby vine, cultivated in Punjab, Rajasthan, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh Maharashtra, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu for edible fruits. |
| Xyridaceae |
Xyris commplanata |
South India. |
Kochelachi-pullu (Kerala). |
| Xyridaceae |
Xyris indica |
West Bengal, Assam and Western Peninsula, generally on sandy soils and salt marsh- es. |
Daadmaari, Dhobi Deeb. |
Haabiduuba (Bengal), Kochelachi-pullu (Malayalam). |
| Zingiberaceae |
Aframomum melegueta |
Native to tropical Africa; cultivated in Indian gardens. |
Grains of Paradise, Alligator pepper, Meleguetta pepper. |
Heel Habshi. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Alpinia galanga |
The Himalayas and southern region of western Ghats. |
Greater Galangal. |
Kulanjana, Sthuula- granthi, Sugandhaa, Ugragandhaa, Malaya Vachaa, Mahaabhari- Vachaa. Substitute for Raasnaa ( Pluchea lanceolata ). |
Khulanjaan. |
Perarattai. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Alpinia malaccensis |
Eastern Himalayas, Assam, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, up to ,m, and western Ghats of Kerala. |
Saliyeridumpa (Tamil). |
| Zingiberaceae |
Alpinia officinarum |
Native to China; cultivated in northern India. |
Lesser Galangal, Alpinia, Catarrh Root, Chinese Ginger. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Alpinia speciosa |
Native to East Indies. Occurs in the eastern Himalayas from West Bengal eastwards. |
Light Galangal. |
Chitraraththai. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Amomum aromaticum |
North Bengal and Assam. |
Bengal Cardamom, Cardamom. |
Sthula-elaa (var.) |
Perelam. |
Morang-elaaichi. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Amomum subulatum |
Cultivated in swampy places in Bengal, Sikkim, Assam and Tamil Nadu. |
Greater or Nepal Car- damom. |
Sthula-elaa, Bhadraa, Bhadrailaa, Bahulaa, Prithivikaa, Triputaa, Truti. |
Heel Kalaan, Qaaqule Kubaar. |
Peria Elam, Kattu Elam, Beraelam. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Costus speciosus |
Assam, North Bengal, Khasi and Jaintia Hills, sub Himalayan tracts of Uttar Pradesh and Himachal Pradesh and Western Ghats. |
Canereed, Wild Ginger. |
Kebuka, Kembuka. |
Krrauvam, Malai Vasambu, Ven Kottam. |
Kebu. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma amada |
Cultivated in Gujarat; wild in parts of West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. |
Mango-ginger, Wild Turmeric. |
Aamra Haridraa, Aam- ragandhi Haridraa, Surabhidaaru, Karpuraa. |
Aambaa Haldi, Daarchob. |
Mangaiinji. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma angustifolia |
Central Himalaya, Bihar, West Bengal, Maharashtra and South India. |
East Indian Arrowroot, Travancore Starch. |
Tvakshira, Tvakshiri. |
Tikhur, Tabaasheer. |
Ararut-gaddalu. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma aromatica |
Cultivated chiey in West Bengal and Kerala. |
Wild turmeric, Yellow Zedoary. |
Karpuraa, Aranya-rajani kanda, Van Haridraa. |
Daarchob. |
Kastoori Manjal. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma caesia |
Cultivated mainly in West Bengal. |
Black Zedorary. |
Rajani, Nishaa, Nishi, Raatri, Kaali Haldi, Nilkanth, Narkachura. |
Zarambaad. |
Manupasapu. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma longa |
Cultivated all over India, particularly in West Bengal, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra. |
Turmeric. |
Haridraa, Priyaka, Haridruma, Kshanda, Gauri, Kaanchani, Krimighna, Varavarni- ni, Yoshitapriyaa, Hattavilaasini, Naktaahvaa, Sharvari. |
Zard Chob. |
Manjal. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Curcuma zedoaria |
Cultivated throughout India; wild in Eastern Himalaya. |
Zedoary, Zerumbet. |
Karchuura, Draavida, Palaashi, Kachura, Gandhmuulaka, Shati. |
Zarambaad. |
Kichhilikkizhangu. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Elettaria cardamomum |
Cultivated either as pure plantation crop, or as subsidiary to coee and arecanut in hilly forests regions of Western Ghats in Karnataka and Kerala, and in parts of Madurai, the Nilgiris and Tirunelveli in Tamil Nadu. |
Lesser Cardamom. |
Elaa, Sukshmailaa, Kshudrailaa, Bhrngaparnikaa, Tutthaa, Draavidi, Prithvikaa, Triputaa, Truti, Upkunchikaa. |
Heel Khurd. |
Yelakkai, Ilam. |
Ilaayachi. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Hedychium coronarium |
Throughout the moist parts of India, up to ,m. Also grown in gardens of Assam and South India. |
Ginger Lily. |
Shati (related species). |
| Zingiberaceae |
Hedychium spicatum |
Central Himalaya at , ,m, East India and hills of South India. |
Spiked Ginger Lily. |
Shathi, Shati, Gand- hashathi, Gandhapalaashi, Kapu- urkachari, Suvrataa, Gandhaarikaa, Gandhavadhuu, Gandhamuulikaa. |
Kapuurkachari. |
Poolankizangu, Kichilikizangu. |
Ban-haldi (Kumaon). |
| Zingiberaceae |
Kaempferia galanga |
Throughout the plains of India, cultivated in gardens. |
Galanga, Maraba. |
Sugandha-vachaa, Chandramuula, Chandramuulikaa. (In Kerala, used as Karchura and Shathi.) (Kapurakachari is a dierent drug, equated with Hedychium spicatum. ) |
Kachoram. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Kaempferia rotunda |
Throughout India in wet or humid shaded areas. |
Bhuumi-champaka, Bhuu-champaka, Hallakam. |
Karunkuvalai. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Roscoea procera |
The Himalayas at altitudes of ,,m, in grassy slopes. |
Kaakoli, Kshira-Kaakoli. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Zingiber cassumunar |
Wild throughout India, also cultivated in tropical parts of India. |
Cassumunar Ginger. |
Vanardraka, Peja, Peyu, Aardikaa, Shringaberikaa. |
Adarakhi, Bana-adarakhi. |
| Zingiberaceae |
Zingiber officinale |
Native to Southeast Asia; now cultivated mainly in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Maharashtra. |
Ginger. |
Fresh rhizome Aardraka, Aadrikaa, Shrngibera, shrngavera, Katubhadra. Dried rhi- zomeShunthi, Naagara, Naagaraa, Naagaraka, Aushadha, Mahaushad- |
| Zingiberaceae |
Zingiber zerumbet |
Throughout India from the Himalayas, southwards. Cultivated in Asian tropics |
Zerumbet Ginger |
Mahaabhari-vachaa (also equated with Alpinia galanga), Sthula-granthi (also equated with Alpinia speciosa). Source of Martinique Ginger, used as Shunthi in Indian medicine |
Narkachoor, Zarambaad. (Curcuma caesia is also equated with Narkachoor.) |
) Karrallamu (Telugu) |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Fagonia cretica |
Western India, upper Gangetic plains and Peninsular India. |
Dhanvayaasa, Dhan- vayavaasa, Dhanvayaasaka, Duraal- abhaa, Samudraantaa. Gaandhaari, Kachhuraa, Anantaa, Duhsparshaa. ( Alhagi pseudalhagi is used as a substitute for F. cretica. ) |
Dhamaasaa. |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Guaiacum officinale |
Introduced from the West Indies; grown as an ornamental. |
Lignum Vitae, Tree-of-life, Pockwood tree. |
Jivadaaru, Loha- Kaashtha. |
Chob-hayaat. |
Loha-lakkar. |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Peganum harmala |
Throughout Northern and Northwestern India, and in drier regions of Deccan. |
Wild Rue; Foreign Henna, Syrian Rue. |
Haramal, Isband. |
Simaiyaravandi, Simaiyalavinai. |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Tribulus alatus |
Rajasthan, Gujarat, Punjab and Haryana. |
Winged Caltrops. |
Gokshura (related species). |
Gokharu-kalaan. |
Desi Gokharu, Aakharaa., Hasaka. |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Tribulus terrestris |
Throughout India, up to ,m. |
Land-Caltrops, Puncture Vine. |
Gokshura, Gokshu- raka, Kshudra (Laghu) Gokharu, Shvadamshtraa, Swaadu-kantaka, Trikanta, Trikantaka. (Larger var. is equated with Pedalium murex Linn. The fruits of both the varieties are conical and have four spines, not three as the synonyms denote. Hence, Acanthospermum hispidum DC. and Martynia annua Linn. have |
| Zygophyllaceae |
Zygophyllum simplex |
Arid and sandy tracts of Punjab, Rajasthan and Gu- jarat. |
Alethi (Punjab), Lunio, Lunwaa (Rajasthan). |
